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Concepts and practices in agricultural extensionin developing countries: A source bookAnandajayasekeram Ponniah, Ranjitha Puskur,* Sindu Workneh and Dirk HoekstraImproving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) of Ethiopian farmers projectInternational Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia* Corresponding author: r.puskur@cgiar.orgILRIINTERNATIONALLIVESTOCK RESEARCHI N S T I T U T E
Authors’ affiliationsAnandajayasekeram Ponniah, CaSt (Capacity Strengthening) Unit Manager, ILRI (International LivestockResearch Institute), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, formerly IFPRI/ISNAR (International Food Policy ResearchInstitute), Addis Ababa, EthiopiaRanjitha Puskur, IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) of Ethiopian farmers project,International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, EthiopiaSindu Workneh, IFPRI/ISNAR (International Food Policy Research Institute), Addis Ababa, EthiopiaDirk Hoekstra, IPMS Ethiopian farmers project, ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia© 2008 ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute)All rights reserved. Parts of this publication may be reproduced for non-commercial use provided thatsuch reproduction shall be subject to acknowledgment of ILRI as holder of copyright.ISBN 92–9146–234–9Correct citation: Anandajayasekeram P, Puskur R, Sindu Workneh and Hoekstra D. 2008. Conceptsand practices in agricultural extension in developing countries: A source book. IFPRI (InternationalFood Policy Research Institute), Washington, DC, USA, and ILRI (International Livestock ResearchInstitute), Nairobi, Kenya. 275 pp.
Page 1: www.ipms-ethiopia.orgConcepts and p
Page 5 and 6: 5.5 Actor analysis 1895.6 Participa
Page 7 and 8: PrefaceThis source book is a produc
Page 9 and 10: civil society, farmer organizations
Page 11 and 12: Table 1.1. Key features of paradigm
Page 13 and 14: farmers analyse, choose, experiment
Page 15 and 16: experimentations are conducted with
Page 17 and 18: Steps/participants Objectives Activ
Page 19 and 20: Action research not only enables th
Page 21 and 22: 3. From research findings to tentat
Page 23 and 24: that governs the way these interact
Page 25 and 26: improvement to enhance supply chain
Page 27 and 28: often managing a ‘portfolio’ of
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.7. An example from the fur
Page 31 and 32: go for each value—with added comp
Page 33 and 34: 1.3.10 Positive devianceThis is a n
Page 35 and 36: Hall A and Nahdy S. 1999. New metho
Page 37 and 38: 2 The past, present and future of e
Page 39 and 40: they were geared to production and
Page 41 and 42: the basic premise of T&V was traini
Page 43 and 44: some reforms, especially in Latin A
Page 45 and 46: Complexity: Involves the diverse so
Page 47 and 48: is further aggravated by difficulti
Page 49 and 50: - Decentralization is the transfer
Page 51 and 52: • In situations where farming is
Page 53 and 54:
• Coupons to agricultural bank lo
Page 55 and 56:
Privatization has been attempted by
Page 57 and 58:
Thus, inter-connectivity is closely
Page 59 and 60:
departments, foreign and local data
Page 61 and 62:
information on agricultural practic
Page 63 and 64:
among field professionals. Similar
Page 65 and 66:
• Linkages and support—resource
Page 67 and 68:
Outside interventions normally inte
Page 69 and 70:
In many cases potential partners al
Page 71 and 72:
towards sustainability, extension i
Page 73 and 74:
• Taking some risks by including
Page 75 and 76:
communities understand their person
Page 77 and 78:
intensive organization, which is in
Page 79 and 80:
In addition, the competitive intere
Page 81 and 82:
• The extension service’s oppor
Page 83 and 84:
Ameur C. 1994. Agricultural extensi
Page 85 and 86:
Mulhall A and Garforth C. 2000. Equ
Page 87 and 88:
Zijp W. 1998. Extension: Empowermen
Page 89 and 90:
MethodsMethods refer to the techniq
Page 91 and 92:
extension agent responsible for dif
Page 93 and 94:
deprived and the excluded in terms
Page 95 and 96:
the community’s own facilitators.
Page 97 and 98:
underestimation of the great comple
Page 99 and 100:
International development agenciesa
Page 101 and 102:
• The performance of researchers'
Page 103 and 104:
3.3.3 Commodity extension modelThis
Page 105 and 106:
3.3.5 NGO (international and local)
Page 107 and 108:
public demand for change, many indi
Page 109 and 110:
Usually decisions have to be made c
Page 111 and 112:
• The most important factor is th
Page 113 and 114:
Bennet C. 1990. Cooperative extensi
Page 115 and 116:
4 Group formation and management fo
Page 117 and 118:
• Farmer or producer organization
Page 119 and 120:
• Research induced FRGs potential
Page 121 and 122:
• Other activities that are not d
Page 123 and 124:
a group does not guarantee equal ac
Page 125 and 126:
4.4.3 Groups as individual enhancem
Page 127 and 128:
that FGs can be effective mechanism
Page 129 and 130:
Experience in Tanzania revealed adv
Page 131 and 132:
organizations are registered under
Page 133 and 134:
of groups is a process that both gr
Page 135 and 136:
• set SMART objectives to fulfill
Page 137 and 138:
Table 4.1. Stages in the group deve
Page 139 and 140:
Stage Purpose Behavioural patterns
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2. Formulation of group goals and o
Page 143 and 144:
positions, members need to understa
Page 145 and 146:
It is very important that all those
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Leadership style Characteristics of
Page 149 and 150:
In discussing bad leadership with g
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iv. Withdrawing: acting bored and i
Page 153 and 154:
• be a good listener and monitor
Page 155 and 156:
A template for work plan is provide
Page 157 and 158:
Logical Framework (Project Planning
Page 159 and 160:
All groups want to succeed in their
Page 161 and 162:
MotivationMotivation can simply be
Page 163 and 164:
eflections on the life of the group
Page 165 and 166:
At point A both conflict and perfor
Page 167 and 168:
List all problem areas• Prioritiz
Page 169 and 170:
2. Mapping of group structureOne vi
Page 171 and 172:
Asgelil D and Tekalign M. 2001. Cli
Page 173 and 174:
Rural Development Committee monogra
Page 175 and 176:
Participatory Learning and Action (
Page 177 and 178:
Box 5.1. Tools and techniques used
Page 179 and 180:
5.2.3 Formal/verification surveyAlt
Page 181 and 182:
3. Define and understand the local
Page 183 and 184:
problems and opportunities. A trans
Page 185 and 186:
5.2.11 Venn diagram/’chapati’ d
Page 187 and 188:
This may also yield valuable inform
Page 189 and 190:
Key questions on benefits• What b
Page 191 and 192:
Table 5.5. Format for the Stakehold
Page 193 and 194:
Co-operativeFarmerResearchExtension
Page 195 and 196:
5.5.3 Actor determinant diagramThis
Page 197 and 198:
NAR S to developc apac ity in P R A
Page 199 and 200:
The tools discussed in this section
Page 201 and 202:
• Specify what, when, who, how et
Page 203 and 204:
eflection;• Action: the process a
Page 205 and 206:
2. Ranking. A method of ranking can
Page 207 and 208:
are out of the control of farmers m
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 5.19. Example of participato
Page 211 and 212:
Figure 5.21. Example of a resource
Page 213 and 214:
5.9.2 Implementing PRCAPRCA uses PR
Page 215 and 216:
• Idioms, and existing/new images
Page 217 and 218:
• Systems thinkingSituations are
Page 219 and 220:
5.11 Participatory Extension Approa
Page 221 and 222:
During implementation, new question
Page 223 and 224:
Purpose of community mobilizationCo
Page 225 and 226:
Step 2: Identifying potential leade
Page 227 and 228:
Step 9: Implementing selected proje
Page 229 and 230:
• Aim for a comprehensive respons
Page 231 and 232:
Bianchi RR and Kossoudji SA. 2001.
Page 233 and 234:
4. Information storage, whether man
Page 235 and 236:
Evaluation in general addresses fou
Page 237 and 238:
6.1.4 ImpactThe term ‘impact’ m
Page 239 and 240:
Box 6.2. Types of research outputTh
Page 241 and 242:
quantitative methods. Retrospective
Page 243 and 244:
Table 6.1. Impact types, techniques
Page 245 and 246:
However, the ARR measure is not alw
Page 247 and 248:
2. It can contribute to the develop
Page 249 and 250:
evaluation. The evaluators collect
Page 251 and 252:
In order to make this step particip
Page 253 and 254:
• The third style is when the eva
Page 255 and 256:
attributes, traits or characteristi
Page 257 and 258:
• Experience suggests that it is
Page 259 and 260:
This means that:- Inaccurate observ
Page 261 and 262:
is appropriate, such as tables, gra
Page 263 and 264:
• Looks at both internal and exte
Page 265 and 266:
• It is useful for process monito
Page 267 and 268:
• What information do we need and
Page 269 and 270:
Who? Which provides the partners, s
Page 271:
www.ilri.orgISBN 92-9146-234-9
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