CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW - Repository.lib.ncsu.edu

Table I-4. Differences in E and B vitamins between corn and wheatVitamin E 1Vitamins Corn Wheatα-tocopherol, mg/kg 3.7 15.9α- tocotrienols, mg/kg 0.2 9.5Vitamin E activity, tocopherol equivalents 9.8 23.8T3/T ratio 0.3 1.9Vitamin B 2 , mg/KgThiamine (Vit B 1 ) 0.6 3.9Riboflavin (Vit B 2 ) 0.5 1.3Pyridoxine (Vit B 6 ) 1.5 4.5Niacin 12 45Adapted from 1 Panfili et al. (2003) and 2 Lebiedzinska and Szefer (2006). For vitamin Edetermination, corn and soft wheat were used. For vitamin B, corn and buckwheat groats forhuman consumption were used.Other Factors. Breeder diet type during genetic selection may affect nutrientutilization. During the genetic selection of two commercial broiler lines, one line was fedcorn-soybean meal diets with lower relative amino acid concentration, and the other line wasfed wheat-soybean meal diets with 15 to 20% higher amino acid concentration than those fedcorn based diets. It was found that the genetic line that received wheat based diets expressedapproximately two-fold higher levels of mRNA abundance for peptide transport than theother line. This suggested that the genetic line fed wheat based diets had a greater capacity toassimilate amino acids in the form of di- and tripepetides (Gilbert et al., 2007).Nutrient Accumulative Nutrition during Rearing Pullet Phase and to Peak of ProgramOptimization of reproductive performance and progeny growth performance is based onmanagement of sexual maturation timing and nutrient allocation throughout both rearing andlaying periods (Robinson et al., 2007). Before sexual maturation, nutrients are deposited inthe carcass or used for metabolic functions. The use of different pullet feeding programs canaffect how nutrients are distributed in the body during sexual maturation (Renema et al.,19