CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW - Repository.lib.ncsu.edu

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author would like to express her deep gratitude to her parents, Florencio and Juana, andher brother Omar for their unconditional support and love. Also, she would like to especiallythank Dr. Oviedo-Rondón for his guidance, constructive criticism, and friendship that havecontributed to her professional and personal development. Also, she would like to thank theother members of her committee, Dr. John Brake, Dr, Mike Wineland, and Dr. JasonOsborne for their critical reviews of this document. Additionally, gratitude is also extendedto lab technicians, staff at the Lake Wheeler Road Field Laboratory, and many undergraduatestudents for their hard work dedicated in this project. Finally, a special thank to her dearfriends, Rocio, Lissete and Franco who make her feel Raleigh as a second home.iv
TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………… ixLIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………. xiiCHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 1ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... 1INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 2SKELETAL DISORDERS OF BROILERS .................................................................................. 3Valgus and Varus Deformities .................................................................................................. 4Tibial Dyschondroplasia ......................................................................................................... 5Crooked Toes ........................................................................................................................ 6Spondylolisthesis ................................................................................................................... 7Rotated Tibia ........................................................................................................................ 8LOCOMOTION PROBLEMS ....................................................................................................... 8BONE DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................................ 9MATERNAL EFFECTS ON PROGENY LEG HEALTH ........................................................ 11Genetics ............................................................................................................................. 11Nutritional Implications of the Utilization of Wheat or Corn as a Major Source of Energy ................. 11Non-Starch Polysaccharides. ............................................................................................. 12Macro and Trace Minerals ................................................................................................ 13Intrinsic Phytase .............................................................................................................. 15Vitamins ......................................................................................................................... 16Carotenoids .................................................................................................................... 17Fatty Acids ..................................................................................................................... 18Other Factors.................................................................................................................. 19Nutrient Accumulative Nutrition during Rearing Pullet Phase and to Peak of Program ..................... 19Feeder Space during each Breeder Phase and Feeder Space Change at Photostimulation .................. 21REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 22CHAPTER II: EFFECTS OF DIET TYPE, FEEDING PROGRAM TO 29 WK OFAGE, AND FEEDER SPACE CHANGE ON BREEDER GROWTH ANDREPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY ...................................................................................... 39ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………39INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 40MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................................. 42Broiler Breeder Husbandry .................................................................................................... 42Reproductive Performance..................................................................................................... 43Egg Analyses ...................................................................................................................... 44v
Page 1 and 2: ABSTRACTEUSEBIO BALCAZAR, PAMELA EL
Page 3 and 4: Effect of Breeder Nutrition and Fee
Page 5: BIBLIOGRAPHYPamela Eliana Eusebio B
Page 9 and 10: Broiler Experiment 2 ..............
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLESCHAPTER ITable I-1. N
Page 13 and 14: experiment 2 …………………
Page 15 and 16: eeder feeder space change for the p
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTIONThere is a worldwide co
Page 19 and 20: importance according to reports fro
Page 21 and 22: (Berry et al., 1996), ascorbic acid
Page 23 and 24: Rotated TibiaRotated tibia is descr
Page 25 and 26: Yolk and its lipid content also aff
Page 27 and 28: Australia, Canada (Bird, 1997; Inte
Page 29 and 30: except for copper that is mostly pr
Page 31 and 32: Table I-3. Total phosphorus, phytat
Page 33 and 34: vitamin E, and the water-soluble an
Page 35 and 36: 2007). For instance, a sigmoid feed
Page 37 and 38: REFERENCESAbdel-Salam, Z. A., A. M.
Page 39 and 40: Choct, M. 1997. Feed Non-Starch Pol
Page 41 and 42: Febrer, K., T. A. Jones, C. A. Donn
Page 43 and 44: Johansson, K., J. Örberg, A. B. Ca
Page 45 and 46: Leksrisompong, N., M. Argüelles-Ra
Page 47 and 48: Nelson, T. S. 1967. The utilization
Page 49 and 50: Reddi, A. H. 2000. Initiation and p
Page 51 and 52: Starcher, B. C., C. H. Hill, and J.
Page 53 and 54: Weiss, R. E., and A. H. Reddi. 1980
Page 55 and 56: INTRODUCTIONThe nutrition and feedi
Page 57 and 58:
second objective was to determine t
Page 59 and 60:
feathers. Fertility was calculated
Page 61 and 62:
Table II-1. Composition of broiler
Page 63 and 64:
heavier (P < 0.05) compared with th
Page 65 and 66:
ABCFigure II-2. Effects of diet typ
Page 67 and 68:
Cumulative mortality (%)LevelsMain
Page 69 and 70:
Table II-3. Effects of diet type, f
Page 71 and 72:
Figure II-7. Effects of diet type (
Page 73 and 74:
Table II-4. P-values for the effect
Page 75 and 76:
Table II-6. P-values for the effect
Page 77 and 78:
DISCUSSIONBody Weights and Cumulati
Page 79 and 80:
Reproductive PerformanceReproductiv
Page 81 and 82:
Y:A ratio due to higher yolk percen
Page 83 and 84:
REFERENCESAltuntaş, E., and A. Şe
Page 85 and 86:
Jong, I. C., V. S. Voorst, D. A. Eh
Page 87 and 88:
Peebles E. D., C. D. Zumwalt, S. M.
Page 89 and 90:
concluded that maternal diet type a
Page 91 and 92:
The feeding program of female broil
Page 93 and 94:
Hatching ExperimentAll the egg prod
Page 95 and 96:
ijk : Effect of the second order in
Page 97 and 98:
program, and the same feeder space
Page 99 and 100:
Table III-2. Effect of breeder diet
Page 101 and 102:
Table III-4. Effect of breeder/broi
Page 103 and 104:
DISCUSSIONEgg Weight, Eggshell Prop
Page 105 and 106:
eproductive tract. Melnychuk et al.
Page 107 and 108:
CONCLUSIONSIt was concluded that br
Page 109 and 110:
Cruickshank, E. M. 1934. Studies in
Page 111 and 112:
Oviedo-Rondón, E. O., J. Small, M.
Page 113 and 114:
Van der Eerden, B. C. J., M. Karper
Page 115 and 116:
INTRODUCTIONBone development starts
Page 117 and 118:
MATERIAL AND METHODSBroiler Breeder
Page 119 and 120:
Chickens were group weighed at plac
Page 121 and 122:
Pens were included as random effect
Page 123 and 124:
Table IV-2. Composition of broiler
Page 125 and 126:
corn-based diets produced progeny t
Page 127 and 128:
Feed Conversion Ratio Adjusted for
Page 129 and 130:
Table IV-4. Effects of diet type, m
Page 131 and 132:
Maternal feeding programs alone aff
Page 133 and 134:
Table IV-7. Effects of diet type, m
Page 135 and 136:
Progeny Mortality. No significant (
Page 137 and 138:
Six-wk-old male chickens from 32 an
Page 139 and 140:
Table IV-11. Effects of diet type,
Page 141 and 142:
Probability of observing crooked to
Page 143 and 144:
At both breeder ages evaluated, pro
Page 145 and 146:
progeny with more locomotion proble
Page 147 and 148:
Hocking, P. M., and R. Bernard. 199
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER V: EFFECT OF BREEDER FEEDIN
Page 151 and 152:
Several previous investigations hav
Page 153 and 154:
starter diet was fed from 0 to 4 wk
Page 155 and 156:
At 46 wk, all eggs produced during
Page 157 and 158:
Leg Health EvaluationAt 4 and 6 wk
Page 159 and 160:
correct for variable number of broi
Page 161 and 162:
RESULTSEgg CharacteristicsAt 31 wk,
Page 163 and 164:
were smaller (P < 0.05) than chicke
Page 165 and 166:
progeny compared to A strain broile
Page 167 and 168:
Bone Traits and Bone Mineral Densit
Page 169 and 170:
49-d body weight (g) of the progeny
Page 171 and 172:
Probability of observing progenycro
Page 173 and 174:
Probability of observing progenywal
Page 175 and 176:
Progeny bone mineral density (g/cm
Page 177 and 178:
Progeny bone mineral content (g)Pro
Page 179 and 180:
eared under the same conditions dur
Page 181 and 182:
Brake et al., 1997). Therefore, the
Page 183 and 184:
that discard physical egg effects o
Page 185 and 186:
practices and environmental conditi
Page 187 and 188:
compared to the provision of less f
Page 189 and 190:
Broilers that had greater prevalenc
Page 191 and 192:
Brake, J., T. J. Walsh, and S. V. V
Page 193 and 194:
Hayes, S. H., G. L. Cromwell, T. S.
Page 195 and 196:
Meuer, H. J., and R. Baumann. 1988.
Page 197 and 198:
Roberts, J. R., and M. Choct. 2006.
Page 199 and 200:
Watkins, B. A. 1991. Importance of
Page 201 and 202:
eeders restricted to the LS feeding
show all

CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW - Repository.lib.ncsu.edu

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?