CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW - Repository.lib.ncsu.edu

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RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 47Body Weights and Cumulative Mortality ................................................................................... 47Reproductive Performance..................................................................................................... 48Egg Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 57DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 62Body Weights and Cumulative Mortality ................................................................................... 62Reproductive Performance..................................................................................................... 64Egg Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 65CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 66REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 68CHAPTER III: THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL FEEDING PROGRAM TO 29 WK,AND BREEDER FEEDER SPACE CHANGE AT PHOTOSTIMULATION ONBROILER PROGENY BONE DEVELOPMENT USING CORN OR WHEAT BASEDDIETS..................................................................................................................................... 73ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………73INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 74MATERIAL AND METHODS ..................................................................................................... 76Broiler Breeder Husbandry .................................................................................................... 76Hatching Experiment ............................................................................................................ 78Statistical Analyses............................................................................................................... 79RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 80Egg Weight, Eggshell Properties, Chick BW, and Relative Yolk Sac Weight .................................... 80Bone Morphological Traits and Relative Asymmetry ................................................................... 81DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 88Egg Weight, Eggshell Properties, Chick BW, and Residual Yolk .................................................... 88Bone Morphological Traits and Relative Asymmetry ................................................................... 90CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 92REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 93CHAPTER IV: THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL FEEDING PROGRAM TO 29 WKAND BREEDER FEEDER SPACE CHANGE AT PHOTOSTIMULATION ONBROILER PROGENY GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND LEG HEALTH USINGCORN OR WHEAT-BASED DIETS .................................................................................. 99ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 99INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 100MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................................................... 102Broiler Breeder Husbandry .................................................................................................. 102Broiler Experiment 1 .......................................................................................................... 103vi
Broiler Experiment 2 .......................................................................................................... 104Statistical Analyses............................................................................................................. 105RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 109Progeny Growth Performance and Mortality ........................................................................... 109Broiler Progeny Initial BW and BW Gain ........................................................................... 109Broiler Progeny Feed Consumption ................................................................................... 111Feed Conversion Ratio Adjusted for Mortality ..................................................................... 112Progeny Mortality .......................................................................................................... 120Gait Scores and Leg Problems .............................................................................................. 120DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................... 126Progeny Growth Performance and Cumulative Mortality .......................................................... 126Gait Scores and Leg Problems .............................................................................................. 128CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................... 129REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 131CHAPTER V: EFFECT OF BREEDER FEEDING PROGRAM TOPHOTOSTIMULATION AND FEEDER SPACE AVAILABILITY ON EGGCHARACTERISTICS AND BROILER PROGENY LEG HEALTH OF TWOGENETIC LINES USING CORN OR WHEAT-BASED DIETS .................................. 134ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 134INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 135MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................ 137Broiler Breeder Husbandry .................................................................................................. 137Egg Analyses .................................................................................................................... 138Broiler Progeny Management............................................................................................... 140Leg Health Evaluation ........................................................................................................ 142Statistical Analyses............................................................................................................. 143RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 146Egg Characteristics ............................................................................................................ 146Group BW and Individual BW at 49 d of age ........................................................................... 147Leg Problems and Walking Ability of Broiler Progeny .............................................................. 148Bone Traits and Bone Mineral Density ................................................................................... 152Broiler Progeny from Breeders at 32 wk of age .................................................................... 152Broiler Progeny from Breeders at 44 wk of age .................................................................... 159DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................... 163Egg Characteristics ............................................................................................................ 163Group Body Weight and Individual Body Weight at 49 d of age .................................................. 169Leg problems, Walking Ability, and Bone Mineral Density ......................................................... 170CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................... 174vii
Page 1 and 2: ABSTRACTEUSEBIO BALCAZAR, PAMELA EL
Page 3 and 4: Effect of Breeder Nutrition and Fee
Page 5 and 6: BIBLIOGRAPHYPamela Eliana Eusebio B
Page 7: TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES …
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLESCHAPTER ITable I-1. N
Page 13 and 14: experiment 2 …………………
Page 15 and 16: eeder feeder space change for the p
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTIONThere is a worldwide co
Page 19 and 20: importance according to reports fro
Page 21 and 22: (Berry et al., 1996), ascorbic acid
Page 23 and 24: Rotated TibiaRotated tibia is descr
Page 25 and 26: Yolk and its lipid content also aff
Page 27 and 28: Australia, Canada (Bird, 1997; Inte
Page 29 and 30: except for copper that is mostly pr
Page 31 and 32: Table I-3. Total phosphorus, phytat
Page 33 and 34: vitamin E, and the water-soluble an
Page 35 and 36: 2007). For instance, a sigmoid feed
Page 37 and 38: REFERENCESAbdel-Salam, Z. A., A. M.
Page 39 and 40: Choct, M. 1997. Feed Non-Starch Pol
Page 41 and 42: Febrer, K., T. A. Jones, C. A. Donn
Page 43 and 44: Johansson, K., J. Örberg, A. B. Ca
Page 45 and 46: Leksrisompong, N., M. Argüelles-Ra
Page 47 and 48: Nelson, T. S. 1967. The utilization
Page 49 and 50: Reddi, A. H. 2000. Initiation and p
Page 51 and 52: Starcher, B. C., C. H. Hill, and J.
Page 53 and 54: Weiss, R. E., and A. H. Reddi. 1980
Page 55 and 56: INTRODUCTIONThe nutrition and feedi
Page 57 and 58: second objective was to determine t
Page 59 and 60:
feathers. Fertility was calculated
Page 61 and 62:
Table II-1. Composition of broiler
Page 63 and 64:
heavier (P < 0.05) compared with th
Page 65 and 66:
ABCFigure II-2. Effects of diet typ
Page 67 and 68:
Cumulative mortality (%)LevelsMain
Page 69 and 70:
Table II-3. Effects of diet type, f
Page 71 and 72:
Figure II-7. Effects of diet type (
Page 73 and 74:
Table II-4. P-values for the effect
Page 75 and 76:
Table II-6. P-values for the effect
Page 77 and 78:
DISCUSSIONBody Weights and Cumulati
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Reproductive PerformanceReproductiv
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Y:A ratio due to higher yolk percen
Page 83 and 84:
REFERENCESAltuntaş, E., and A. Şe
Page 85 and 86:
Jong, I. C., V. S. Voorst, D. A. Eh
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Peebles E. D., C. D. Zumwalt, S. M.
Page 89 and 90:
concluded that maternal diet type a
Page 91 and 92:
The feeding program of female broil
Page 93 and 94:
Hatching ExperimentAll the egg prod
Page 95 and 96:
ijk : Effect of the second order in
Page 97 and 98:
program, and the same feeder space
Page 99 and 100:
Table III-2. Effect of breeder diet
Page 101 and 102:
Table III-4. Effect of breeder/broi
Page 103 and 104:
DISCUSSIONEgg Weight, Eggshell Prop
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eproductive tract. Melnychuk et al.
Page 107 and 108:
CONCLUSIONSIt was concluded that br
Page 109 and 110:
Cruickshank, E. M. 1934. Studies in
Page 111 and 112:
Oviedo-Rondón, E. O., J. Small, M.
Page 113 and 114:
Van der Eerden, B. C. J., M. Karper
Page 115 and 116:
INTRODUCTIONBone development starts
Page 117 and 118:
MATERIAL AND METHODSBroiler Breeder
Page 119 and 120:
Chickens were group weighed at plac
Page 121 and 122:
Pens were included as random effect
Page 123 and 124:
Table IV-2. Composition of broiler
Page 125 and 126:
corn-based diets produced progeny t
Page 127 and 128:
Feed Conversion Ratio Adjusted for
Page 129 and 130:
Table IV-4. Effects of diet type, m
Page 131 and 132:
Maternal feeding programs alone aff
Page 133 and 134:
Table IV-7. Effects of diet type, m
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Progeny Mortality. No significant (
Page 137 and 138:
Six-wk-old male chickens from 32 an
Page 139 and 140:
Table IV-11. Effects of diet type,
Page 141 and 142:
Probability of observing crooked to
Page 143 and 144:
At both breeder ages evaluated, pro
Page 145 and 146:
progeny with more locomotion proble
Page 147 and 148:
Hocking, P. M., and R. Bernard. 199
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER V: EFFECT OF BREEDER FEEDIN
Page 151 and 152:
Several previous investigations hav
Page 153 and 154:
starter diet was fed from 0 to 4 wk
Page 155 and 156:
At 46 wk, all eggs produced during
Page 157 and 158:
Leg Health EvaluationAt 4 and 6 wk
Page 159 and 160:
correct for variable number of broi
Page 161 and 162:
RESULTSEgg CharacteristicsAt 31 wk,
Page 163 and 164:
were smaller (P < 0.05) than chicke
Page 165 and 166:
progeny compared to A strain broile
Page 167 and 168:
Bone Traits and Bone Mineral Densit
Page 169 and 170:
49-d body weight (g) of the progeny
Page 171 and 172:
Probability of observing progenycro
Page 173 and 174:
Probability of observing progenywal
Page 175 and 176:
Progeny bone mineral density (g/cm
Page 177 and 178:
Progeny bone mineral content (g)Pro
Page 179 and 180:
eared under the same conditions dur
Page 181 and 182:
Brake et al., 1997). Therefore, the
Page 183 and 184:
that discard physical egg effects o
Page 185 and 186:
practices and environmental conditi
Page 187 and 188:
compared to the provision of less f
Page 189 and 190:
Broilers that had greater prevalenc
Page 191 and 192:
Brake, J., T. J. Walsh, and S. V. V
Page 193 and 194:
Hayes, S. H., G. L. Cromwell, T. S.
Page 195 and 196:
Meuer, H. J., and R. Baumann. 1988.
Page 197 and 198:
Roberts, J. R., and M. Choct. 2006.
Page 199 and 200:
Watkins, B. A. 1991. Importance of
Page 201 and 202:
eeders restricted to the LS feeding
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