KITUI SAND DAMS

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INTRODUCTIONQuality of life in the drylands is determined by the ability to adapt to the existingsituation. The most important of this is the shortage of water. There is an abundance ofwater in the short wet season. The long dry period is characterized by severe shortage ofwater. During this period water sources are few and far apart. Usually the sources of lastresort are found deep under the dry sandy stream/riverbeds. These reservoir points areformed where an impermeable barrier across streams results in natural sand dams. Wateris extracted from these reservoirs using scoop holes which maybe as deep as thirty feet or10 metres more.Water is the greatest limiting factor of development in the drylands. During the dryseason the households spent a disproportionably large amount of energy and time onwater chores, resulting in the neglect of more important activities. Without water thissituation will persist.Many communities have realized that water is their priority problem. It must beaddressed for these communities to achieve development. These communities are alsoaware that only their involvement in solutions will create the appropriate solutions totheir water problem.Indigenous knowledge stipulates that there is water in the sand. It is also known thatstreams without sand hold no water. By correlation therefore, sandy streams/rivers areimportant in solutions of water problems. Using this local knowledge of sources of watersupplemented by scientific knowledge in construction techniques it is possible to makebarriers which hold water in the sandy rivers. A cascade of barriers in a stream/river willform multiple sand dams increasing greatly the number of sources and amount of waterheld.Community involvement breeds ownership of the problem and the solutions thereof.Ownership of the problem leads to the participation in the solutions.To date communities in Kitui together with SASOL have constructed 500 sand damsserving more than 150,000 persons. The dams have been made using local materials withsupplementary commercial inputs.The following is a chronicle of how the people of Kitui have been working on the Kituisand dams programme.2
SECTION 1INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS3
Page 1: SASOL FOUNDATIONFIELD OFFICELIASON
Page 5 and 6: Metamorphic and igneous rocks of th
Page 7 and 8: comes in have been the method of ex
Page 9 and 10: Usually, many people only think abo
Page 11 and 12: anticipated sand dam project in the
Page 13 and 14: Cost Of Sand DamsContrary to the po
Page 15 and 16: TrainingTraining is an integral par
Page 17 and 18: Each site gives 5 participants for
Page 19 and 20: SECTION 11TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION AN
Page 21 and 22: Sand filling the riverA12 B34CBedro
Page 23 and 24: infiltration, surface flow begins a
Page 25 and 26: decreases leading to a rise in the
Page 27 and 28: ∆i = ϖ =∆xwfxf− wi− xi‘K
Page 29 and 30: Discharge.This is the water that fl
Page 31 and 32: Soft Porous MaterialParent rockNatu
Page 33 and 34: It is assumed that the channel is a
Page 35 and 36: A, B, C Represent different energy
Page 37 and 38: Cross section area of dam is = A dA
Page 39 and 40: ) Pre Hydraulic Design.At this stag
Page 41 and 42: L j = Hydraulic Length.This length
Page 43 and 44: CONSTRUCTION.Setting the trench.Thi
Page 45 and 46: avoid filling the reservoir upstrea
Page 47 and 48: 5) Masonry comprising Hard core and
Page 49 and 50: 0.5mSection X-X49
Page 51 and 52: 0.73m56 26 30.73mH dH d1.0m 1.0m1 4
Page 53 and 54:
Plan and section view of the finish
Page 55 and 56:
Key.1 W dc 75cm when off the ground
Page 57 and 58:
VOLUME DERIVED FORMULAS FOR MAJOR D
Page 59 and 60:
v) Blinding slab V b0.10.6mLdV b =
Page 61 and 62:
Cement is also in V e , V us , V b
Page 63 and 64:
Number of rings per evaragecolumns.
Page 65:
Summary of derived formulas.• V w
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KITUI SAND DAMS

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