KITUI SAND DAMS

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Studies done show that over time the amount of water in the down stream part of the riverwill increase . This is so as a result of reverse drainage from the banks of the water thatis stored in the banks when the levels in the main channels get lower due to consumptionand evaporation. This helps in stabilizing the amount of time water is in the river. Mostrivers in arid areas stay with water for really short durations of time and some of them getsaline. This salinity is known to increase with lowering of the water levels in the river.Stabilizing this water level in the river channel will reduce the amount of time in a yearthat the water gets to critical saline levels for plant and animal use.GROUND WATER <strong>DAMS</strong> OPERATION.Natural Groundwater Obstruction.Depending of the earth/rock properties, water will always be in motion as long as there issufficient head gradient to facilitate the flow. This flow will continue until it achievesequilibrium this water will move in materials that are able to transmit it until it finds abarrier then fills the barrier and if the barrier doesn’t help achieve the equilibrium, thewater flows on after filling the barrier. Naturally, the skeleton of the earth that is theparent rock is usually not flat. It made up of rough surfaces that form troughs and crests.These troughs and crests act as reservoirs for the ground water. When they are filled withmaterial that is porous and permeable, then this becomes the ground water home. Thesize of the basins, transmissivity determines and the porosity of the material filling thetroughs determine the size and yielding capacity for groundwater. Different materialshave different porosities and thus the yield of an aquifer is depended on the materialforming the aquifer. Aquifers are known to be common in buried river valleys and basins.this is the alluvial material deposited in these areas.River valleys are the lowest earlier topographical areas. This means surface water flowwill be towards these areas. This includes also the subsurface flow. This subsurface flowcontinues until the level of the water in the ground comes to contact with open groundwhere it is exposed as surface water this. Obstruction of this flow leads to accumulationup to the highest level that the water will find a possibility to flow further. This happenswhen a height is reached where the media can transmit the water further due to the headgradient.30
Soft Porous MaterialParent rockNatural Rock Barrier Under The River Bed.31
Page 1 and 2: SASOL FOUNDATIONFIELD OFFICELIASON
Page 3 and 4: SECTION 1INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS3
Page 5 and 6: Metamorphic and igneous rocks of th
Page 7 and 8: comes in have been the method of ex
Page 9 and 10: Usually, many people only think abo
Page 11 and 12: anticipated sand dam project in the
Page 13 and 14: Cost Of Sand DamsContrary to the po
Page 15 and 16: TrainingTraining is an integral par
Page 17 and 18: Each site gives 5 participants for
Page 19 and 20: SECTION 11TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION AN
Page 21 and 22: Sand filling the riverA12 B34CBedro
Page 23 and 24: infiltration, surface flow begins a
Page 25 and 26: decreases leading to a rise in the
Page 27 and 28: ∆i = ϖ =∆xwfxf− wi− xi‘K
Page 29: Discharge.This is the water that fl
Page 33 and 34: It is assumed that the channel is a
Page 35 and 36: A, B, C Represent different energy
Page 37 and 38: Cross section area of dam is = A dA
Page 39 and 40: ) Pre Hydraulic Design.At this stag
Page 41 and 42: L j = Hydraulic Length.This length
Page 43 and 44: CONSTRUCTION.Setting the trench.Thi
Page 45 and 46: avoid filling the reservoir upstrea
Page 47 and 48: 5) Masonry comprising Hard core and
Page 49 and 50: 0.5mSection X-X49
Page 51 and 52: 0.73m56 26 30.73mH dH d1.0m 1.0m1 4
Page 53 and 54: Plan and section view of the finish
Page 55 and 56: Key.1 W dc 75cm when off the ground
Page 57 and 58: VOLUME DERIVED FORMULAS FOR MAJOR D
Page 59 and 60: v) Blinding slab V b0.10.6mLdV b =
Page 61 and 62: Cement is also in V e , V us , V b
Page 63 and 64: Number of rings per evaragecolumns.
Page 65: Summary of derived formulas.• V w

KITUI SAND DAMS

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