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images are very close to your eye compared to the actual moon. Thesmall size of the image has been more than compensated for by theshorter distance. The important thing here is the amount of anglewithin your field of view that the image covers, and it is this anglethat has been increased. The factor by which it is increased is calledthe angular magnification, M a .aa / The angular size of the flowerdepends on its distance from theeye.154 Chapter 7 The Ray Model of Light
Discussion questionsA The figure shows an object that is off to one side of a mirror. Drawa ray diagram. Is an image formed? If so, where is it, and from whichdirections would it be visible?B Locate the images of you that will be formed if you stand betweentwo parallel mirrors.Section 7.4 Images by Reflection 155
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copyright 2006 Benjamin Crowellrev.
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ContentsMomentum compared to kineti
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Chapter 1Conservation of Mass andEn
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1.2 Conservation of MassWe intuitiv
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masses on the spring, and they both
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A common source of confusion is the
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Discussion questionA Each of the fo
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l / Galileo Galilei was the first p
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that this wasn’t really an argume
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the girl on the left goes up a cert
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1. kinetic energy2. gravitational e
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In fact, your body uses up even mor
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kinetic energy is twice as much. Bu
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ather than flying off straight. New
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of mass?Actually they’re not even
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ecause the square of the speed of l
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ProblemsKey√∫⋆A computerized
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13 How high above the surface of th
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Chapter 2Conservation ofMomentumFan
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win the Martian version of the Nobe
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a / How can we prove that this coll
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all.This is exactly like the rules
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Unequal masses example 4⊲ Suppose
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ForceDefinition of forceWhen moment
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ent relationship:(fingers on scale)
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pressed in modern units). If the ea
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p / A bowling ball is in the back o
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Kepler’s law of periodsLet T , ca
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2.5 WorkImagine a black box 8 , con
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A tornado touches down in Spring Hi
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pensated for by an overall increase
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Kepler’s equal-area law example 4
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Torque distinguished from forceOf c
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Chapter 4RelativityComplaining abou
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motion of the apparatus. For instan
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fore Einstein. In fact, George Fitz
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We are used to thinking of time as
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j / In the garage’s frame of refe
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is now sufficiently advanced to all
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astronauts had twin siblings back o
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The derivation of the correct relat
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efore the collision0 1.60.9 0.7afte
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e the same as they always were. The
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(b) Show that your result is approx
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Chapter 5ElectricityWhere the teles
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to the egg.Luckily, we now know eno
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“A” as negative, but it really
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The main subtlety involved in this
Page 103 and 104: Note that an example like g/3 does
Page 105 and 106: ⊲ An ampere-hour is a unit of cur
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Page 109 and 110: ing your feet on a carpet, and then
Page 111 and 112: ProblemsKey√∫⋆A computerized
Page 113 and 114: This sunspot is a product of the su
Page 115 and 116: directions strongly evokes wave met
Page 117 and 118: The electric fieldThe definition of
Page 119 and 120: trical interaction. This seems like
Page 121 and 122: except that the bottom charge is no
Page 123 and 124: q / The force on a charged particle
Page 125 and 126: time it took for the black coil’s
Page 127 and 128: charge, there will be magnetic fiel
Page 129 and 130: z / Panel 1 shows the electromagnet
Page 131 and 132: used to make images of individual a
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 7The Ray Model of Light7.1
Page 135 and 136: Today, photography provides the sim
Page 137 and 138: Interaction of light with matterAbs
Page 139 and 140: g / Examples of ray diagrams.h / Th
Page 141 and 142: in their passing out of one medium
Page 143 and 144: Figure k shows what happens if you
Page 145 and 146: m / At double the distance, the par
Page 147 and 148: infrared, you don’t emit visible
Page 149 and 150: infinitesimally from it. In figure
Page 151 and 152: physical shape of the mirror’s su
Page 153: Sketch another copy of the face in
Page 157 and 158: DLocate the images formed by the pe
Page 159 and 160: Problem 2.4 In this chapter we’ve
Page 161 and 162: signals to travel between you and t
Page 163 and 164: “The Great Wave Off Kanagawa,”
Page 165 and 166: amplitude, A. The definition of amp
Page 167 and 168: a single hump or trough. If you hit
Page 169 and 170: Surfing example 3The incorrect beli
Page 171 and 172: Sound wavesThe phenomenon of sound
Page 173 and 174: do they signify in the case of a wa
Page 175 and 176: ⊲ Solving for wavelength, we have
Page 177 and 178: ProblemsKey√∫⋆A computerized
Page 179 and 180: Appendix 1: Photo CreditsExcept as
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 2: Hints and SolutionsAnsw
Page 183 and 184: cm, and the distance from the axis
Page 185 and 186: Foucault, Léon, 17frame of referen
Page 187: twin paradox, 83units, conversion o
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