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frey Kneller, 1702. 31 Eclipse: 1919, public domain. 32 Newspaper headline: 1919, publicdomain. 36 Colliding balls: PSSC Physics. 55 Brahe: public domain. 59 Basebal pitch:Wikipedia user Rick Dikeman, GFDL 1.2. 63 Tornado: NOAA Photo Library, NOAA CentralLibrary; OAR/ERL/National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL); public-domain product of theU.S. government. 65 Longjump: Thomas Eakins, public domain. 67 Pendulum: PSSCPhysics. 68 Tetherball: Line art by the author, based on a photo by The Chewonki Foundation(Flickr), CC-BY-SA 2.0 licensed. 73 Einstein: “Professor Einstein’s Visit to the UnitedStates,” The Scientific Monthly 12:5 (1921), p. 483, public domain. 73 Trinity test: U.S.military, public domain. 76 Michelson: 1887, public domain. 76 Lorentz: painting by Arnhemensis,public domain (Wikimedia Commons). 76 FitzGerald: before 1901, public domain.85 Colliding nuclei: courtesy of RHIC. 95 Lightning: C. Clark/NOAA photo library, publicdomain. 100 Ampère: Millikan and Gale, 1920. 104 Volta: Millikan and Gale, 1920. 106Ohm: Millikan and Gale, 1920. 113 Sunspot: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The astronomers’web page at http://www.solarphysics.kva.se/NatureNov2002/press images eng.htmlstates “All images are free for publication.”. 124 Faraday banknote: fair use. 127 Maxwell:19th century photograph. 133 Rays of sunlight: Wikipedia user PiccoloNamek, GFDL 1.2.136 Jupiter and Io: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona. 147 Ray-traced image: Gilles Tran,Wikimedia Commons, public domain. 154 Flower: Based on a photo by Wikimedia Commonsuser Fir0002, GFDL 1.2. 153 Moon: Wikimedia commons image. 163 Painting of waves:Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849), public domain. 165 John Hancock Tower: Wikipedia userSfoskett, GFDL 1.2. 167 Superposition of pulses: Photo from PSSC Physics. 168 Markeron spring as pulse passes by: PSSC Physics. 169 Surfing (hand drag): Stan Shebs, GFDLlicensed (Wikimedia Commons). 169 Breaking wave: Ole Kils, olekils at web.de, GFDL licensed(Wikipedia). 174 Wavelengths of circular and linear waves: PSSC Physics. 175Fetus: Image of the author’s daughter. 175 Changing wavelength: PSSC Physics.180 Appendix 1: Photo Credits
Appendix 2: Hints and SolutionsAnswers to Self-ChecksAnswers to Self-Checks for Chapter 1Page 9, self-check A: A conservation law in physics says that the total amount always remainsthe same. You can’t get rid of it even if you want to.Page 13, self-check B: Exponents have to do with multiplication, not addition. The first lineshould be 100 times longer than the second, not just twice as long.Page 28, self-check C: Doubling d makes d 2 four times bigger, so the gravitational fieldexperienced by Mars is four times weaker.Answers to Self-Checks for Chapter 2Page 42, self-check A: No, it doesn’t violate symmetry. Space-translation symmetry only saysthat space itself has the same properties everywhere. It doesn’t say that all regions of spacehave the same stuff in them. The experiment on the earth comes out a certain way because thatregion of space has a planet in it. The experiment on the moon comes out different becausethat region of space has the moon in it. of the apparatus, which you forgot to take with you.Page 44, self-check B: The camera is moving at half the speed at which the light ball isinitially moving. After the collision, it keeps on moving at the same speed — your five x’s allline on a straight line. Since the camera moves in a straight line with constant speed, it isshowing an inertial frame of reference.Page 45, self-check C: The table looks like this:velocity (meters per second)before the collisionafter the collision change−1 0 +10 −1 −1Observers in all three frames agree on the changes in velocity, even though they disagree on thevelocities themselves.Page 52, self-check D: The motion would be the same. The force on the ball would be 20newtons, so with each second it would gain 20 units of momentum. But 20 units of momentumfor a 2-kilogram ball is still just 10 m/s of velocity.Answers to Self-Checks for Chapter 3Page 68, self-check A: The definition of torque is important, and so is the equation F = ±F r.The two equations in between are just steps in a derivation of F = ±F r.Answers to Self-Checks for Chapter 4Page 78, self-check A: At v = 0, we get γ = 1, so t = T . There is no time distortion unlessthe two frames of reference are in relative motion.Page 88, self-check B: The total momentum is zero before the collision. After the collision,181
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copyright 2006 Benjamin Crowellrev.
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ContentsMomentum compared to kineti
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Chapter 1Conservation of Mass andEn
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1.2 Conservation of MassWe intuitiv
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masses on the spring, and they both
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A common source of confusion is the
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Discussion questionA Each of the fo
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l / Galileo Galilei was the first p
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that this wasn’t really an argume
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the girl on the left goes up a cert
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1. kinetic energy2. gravitational e
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In fact, your body uses up even mor
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kinetic energy is twice as much. Bu
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ather than flying off straight. New
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of mass?Actually they’re not even
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ecause the square of the speed of l
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ProblemsKey√∫⋆A computerized
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13 How high above the surface of th
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Chapter 2Conservation ofMomentumFan
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win the Martian version of the Nobe
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a / How can we prove that this coll
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all.This is exactly like the rules
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Unequal masses example 4⊲ Suppose
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ForceDefinition of forceWhen moment
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ent relationship:(fingers on scale)
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pressed in modern units). If the ea
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p / A bowling ball is in the back o
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Kepler’s law of periodsLet T , ca
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2.5 WorkImagine a black box 8 , con
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A tornado touches down in Spring Hi
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pensated for by an overall increase
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Kepler’s equal-area law example 4
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Torque distinguished from forceOf c
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Chapter 4RelativityComplaining abou
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motion of the apparatus. For instan
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fore Einstein. In fact, George Fitz
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We are used to thinking of time as
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j / In the garage’s frame of refe
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is now sufficiently advanced to all
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astronauts had twin siblings back o
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The derivation of the correct relat
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efore the collision0 1.60.9 0.7afte
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e the same as they always were. The
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(b) Show that your result is approx
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Chapter 5ElectricityWhere the teles
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to the egg.Luckily, we now know eno
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“A” as negative, but it really
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The main subtlety involved in this
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Note that an example like g/3 does
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⊲ An ampere-hour is a unit of cur
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portional to the voltage difference
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ing your feet on a carpet, and then
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This sunspot is a product of the su
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directions strongly evokes wave met
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The electric fieldThe definition of
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trical interaction. This seems like
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except that the bottom charge is no
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q / The force on a charged particle
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time it took for the black coil’s
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charge, there will be magnetic fiel
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Page 133 and 134: Chapter 7The Ray Model of Light7.1
Page 135 and 136: Today, photography provides the sim
Page 137 and 138: Interaction of light with matterAbs
Page 139 and 140: g / Examples of ray diagrams.h / Th
Page 141 and 142: in their passing out of one medium
Page 143 and 144: Figure k shows what happens if you
Page 145 and 146: m / At double the distance, the par
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Page 149 and 150: infinitesimally from it. In figure
Page 151 and 152: physical shape of the mirror’s su
Page 153 and 154: Sketch another copy of the face in
Page 155 and 156: Discussion questionsA The figure sh
Page 157 and 158: DLocate the images formed by the pe
Page 159 and 160: Problem 2.4 In this chapter we’ve
Page 161 and 162: signals to travel between you and t
Page 163 and 164: “The Great Wave Off Kanagawa,”
Page 165 and 166: amplitude, A. The definition of amp
Page 167 and 168: a single hump or trough. If you hit
Page 169 and 170: Surfing example 3The incorrect beli
Page 171 and 172: Sound wavesThe phenomenon of sound
Page 173 and 174: do they signify in the case of a wa
Page 175 and 176: ⊲ Solving for wavelength, we have
Page 177 and 178: ProblemsKey√∫⋆A computerized
Page 179: Appendix 1: Photo CreditsExcept as
Page 183 and 184: cm, and the distance from the axis
Page 185 and 186: Foucault, Léon, 17frame of referen
Page 187: twin paradox, 83units, conversion o
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