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the pulse is traveling to the right.(d) Repeat part c, but assume the pulse is traveling to the left.[Problem by Arnold Arons.]5 Suggest a quantitative experiment to look for any deviationfrom the principle of superposition for surface waves in water. Makeit simple and practical.6 The musical note middle C has a frequency of 262 Hz. What√are its period and wavelength?178 Chapter 8 Waves
Appendix 1: Photo CreditsExcept as specifically noted below or in a parenthetical credit in the caption of a figure, all theillustrations in this book are by under my own copyright, and are copyleft licensed under thesame license as the rest of the book.In some cases it’s clear from the date that the figure is public domain, but I don’t know thename of the artist or photographer; I would be grateful to anyone who could help me to giveproper credit. I have assumed that images that come from U.S. government web pages arecopyright-free, since products of federal agencies fall into the public domain. When “PSSCPhysics” is given as a credit, it indicates that the figure is from the second edition of the textbookentitled Physics, by the Physical Science Study Committee; these are used according to a blanketpermission given in the later PSSC College Physics edition, which states on the copyright pagethat “The materials taken from the original and second editions and the Advanced Topics ofPSSC PHYSICS included in this text will be available to all publishers for use in English afterDecember 31, 1970, and in translations after December 31, 1975.”In a few cases, I have made use of images under the fair use doctrine. However, I am not alawyer, and the laws on fair use are vague, so you should not assume that it’s legal for you touse these images. In particular, fair use law may give you less leeway than it gives me, becauseI’m using the images for educational purposes, and giving the book away for free. Likewise, ifthe photo credit says “courtesy of ...,” that means the copyright owner gave me permission touse it, but that doesn’t mean you have permission to use it.Cover Wave: Roger McLassus, GFDL 1.2.Hand and photomontage: B. Crowell.Table of Contents Skateboarder: Courtesy of J.D. Rogge, www.sonic.net/∼shawn.Figure skater: Wikimedia Commonus user Rosiemairieanne, GFDL 2. Sunspot:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The astronomers’ web page athttp://www.solarphysics.kva.se/NatureNov2002/press images eng.html states “All imagesare free for publication.”. X-Ray: 1896 image produced by Roentgen. Surfing: StanShebs, GFDL licensed (Wikimedia Commons).7 Star trails: GFDL licensed, Wikipedia user Manfreeed. 8 Emmy Noether: Based onNoether’s apparent age, the portrait must have been taken around 1900 or 1910, so it is inthe public domain. 8 Swan Lake: Peter Gerstbach, GFDL 1.2. 9 Portrait of MonsieurLavoisier and His Wife: Jacques-Louis David, 1788. 10 Astronaut: NASA. 15 Hockeypuck: photo from Wikimedia Commons, user Robludwig, GFDL/CC-BY-SA. 15 Portraitof James Joule: contemporary. 16 Aristotle: Francesco Hayez, 1811. 16 Jets over NewYork: U.S. Air Force, Tech. Sgt. Sean Mateo White, public domain work of the U.S. Government.17 Galileo’s trial: Cristiano Banti (1857). 18 Rocket sled: U.S. Air Force, publicdomain work of the U.S. Government. 17 Foucault and pendulum: contemporary, ca. 1851.20 Skateboarder: Courtesy of J.D. Rogge, www.sonic.net/∼shawn. 26 Welding: William M.Plate, Jr., public-domain product of the U.S. Airforce, Wikimedia Commons. 26 Infrared photographs:Courtesy of M. Vollmer and K.P. Möllmann, Univ. Appl. Sciences, Brandenburg, Germany,www.fh-brandenburg.de/∼piweb/projekte/thermo galerie eng.html. 28 Newton: God-179
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copyright 2006 Benjamin Crowellrev.
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ContentsMomentum compared to kineti
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Chapter 1Conservation of Mass andEn
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1.2 Conservation of MassWe intuitiv
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masses on the spring, and they both
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A common source of confusion is the
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Discussion questionA Each of the fo
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l / Galileo Galilei was the first p
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that this wasn’t really an argume
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the girl on the left goes up a cert
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1. kinetic energy2. gravitational e
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In fact, your body uses up even mor
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kinetic energy is twice as much. Bu
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ather than flying off straight. New
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of mass?Actually they’re not even
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ecause the square of the speed of l
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ProblemsKey√∫⋆A computerized
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13 How high above the surface of th
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Chapter 2Conservation ofMomentumFan
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win the Martian version of the Nobe
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a / How can we prove that this coll
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all.This is exactly like the rules
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Unequal masses example 4⊲ Suppose
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ForceDefinition of forceWhen moment
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ent relationship:(fingers on scale)
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pressed in modern units). If the ea
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p / A bowling ball is in the back o
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Kepler’s law of periodsLet T , ca
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2.5 WorkImagine a black box 8 , con
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A tornado touches down in Spring Hi
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pensated for by an overall increase
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Kepler’s equal-area law example 4
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Torque distinguished from forceOf c
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Chapter 4RelativityComplaining abou
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motion of the apparatus. For instan
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fore Einstein. In fact, George Fitz
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We are used to thinking of time as
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j / In the garage’s frame of refe
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is now sufficiently advanced to all
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astronauts had twin siblings back o
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The derivation of the correct relat
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efore the collision0 1.60.9 0.7afte
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e the same as they always were. The
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(b) Show that your result is approx
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Chapter 5ElectricityWhere the teles
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to the egg.Luckily, we now know eno
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“A” as negative, but it really
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The main subtlety involved in this
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Note that an example like g/3 does
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⊲ An ampere-hour is a unit of cur
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portional to the voltage difference
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ing your feet on a carpet, and then
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This sunspot is a product of the su
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directions strongly evokes wave met
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The electric fieldThe definition of
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trical interaction. This seems like
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except that the bottom charge is no
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q / The force on a charged particle
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time it took for the black coil’s
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Page 133 and 134: Chapter 7The Ray Model of Light7.1
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Page 137 and 138: Interaction of light with matterAbs
Page 139 and 140: g / Examples of ray diagrams.h / Th
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Page 143 and 144: Figure k shows what happens if you
Page 145 and 146: m / At double the distance, the par
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Page 149 and 150: infinitesimally from it. In figure
Page 151 and 152: physical shape of the mirror’s su
Page 153 and 154: Sketch another copy of the face in
Page 155 and 156: Discussion questionsA The figure sh
Page 157 and 158: DLocate the images formed by the pe
Page 159 and 160: Problem 2.4 In this chapter we’ve
Page 161 and 162: signals to travel between you and t
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Page 165 and 166: amplitude, A. The definition of amp
Page 167 and 168: a single hump or trough. If you hit
Page 169 and 170: Surfing example 3The incorrect beli
Page 171 and 172: Sound wavesThe phenomenon of sound
Page 173 and 174: do they signify in the case of a wa
Page 175 and 176: ⊲ Solving for wavelength, we have
Page 177: ProblemsKey√∫⋆A computerized
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 2: Hints and SolutionsAnsw
Page 183 and 184: cm, and the distance from the axis
Page 185 and 186: Foucault, Léon, 17frame of referen
Page 187: twin paradox, 83units, conversion o
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