Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide

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It is also possible to enable script options from the command line. Some options that will not work with set are available this way. Among these are −i, force script to run interactive. bash −v script−name bash −o verbose script−name Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide The following is a listing of some useful options. They may be specified in either abbreviated form or by complete name. Table 31−1. bash options Abbreviation Name Effect −C noclobber Prevent overwriting of files by redirection (may be overridden by >|) −D (none) List double−quoted strings prefixed by $, but do not execute commands in script −a allexport Export all defined variables −b notify Notify when jobs running in background terminate (not of much use in a script) −c ... (none) Read commands from ... −f noglob Filename expansion (globbing) disabled −i −p interactive Script runs in interactive mode privileged Script runs as "suid" (caution!) −r restricted Script runs in restricted mode (see Chapter 21). −u nounset Attempt to use undefined variable outputs error message, and forces an exit −v verbose Print each command to stdout before executing it −x xtrace Similar to −v, but expands commands −e errexit Abort script at first error (when a command exits with non−zero status) −n noexec Read commands in script, but do not execute them (syntax check) −s stdin Read commands from stdin −t (none) Exit after first command − (none) End of options flag. All other arguments are positional parameters. −− (none) Unset positional parameters. If arguments given (−− arg1 arg2), positional parameters set to arguments. Chapter 31. Options 326
Chapter 32. Gotchas Turandot: Gli enigmi sono tre, la morte una! Caleph: No, no! Gli enigmi sono tre, una la vita! Puccini Assigning reserved words or characters to variable names. case=value0 # Causes problems. 23skidoo=value1 # Also problems. # Variable names starting with a digit are reserved by the shell. # Try _23skidoo=value1. Starting variables with an underscore is o.k. # However... using just the underscore will not work. _=25 echo $_ # $_ is a special variable set to last arg of last command. xyz((!*=value2 # Causes severe problems. Using a hyphen or other reserved characters in a variable name. var−1=23 # Use 'var_1' instead. Using the same name for a variable and a function. This can make a script difficult to understand. do_something () { echo "This function does something with \"$1\"." } do_something=do_something do_something do_something # All this is legal, but highly confusing. Using whitespace inappropriately. In contrast to other programming languages, Bash can be quite finicky about whitespace. var1 = 23 # 'var1=23' is correct. # On line above, Bash attempts to execute command "var1" # with the arguments "=" and "23". let c = $a − $b # 'let c=$a−$b' or 'let "c = $a − $b"' are correct. if [ $a −le 5] # if [ $a −le 5 ] is correct. # if [ "$a" −le 5 ] is even better. # [[ $a −le 5 ]] also works. Assuming uninitialized variables (variables before a value is assigned to them) are "zeroed out". An uninitialized variable has a value of "null", not zero. #!/bin/bash Chapter 32. Gotchas 327
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Chapter 1. Why Shell Programming? A
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Chapter 2. Starting Off With a Sha
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Chapter 3. Special Characters Speci
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# Sometimes, though, you get: # 11
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The "−" can be used to pipe stdou
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change the behavior of the terminal
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Chapter 4. Introduction to Variable
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The shift command reassigns the pos
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Example 5−1. Echoing Weird Variab
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(cd /source/directory && tar cf −
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true # the "true" builtin. echo "ex
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if [[ −e $file ]] then echo "Pass
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Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide −
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7.3. Comparison operators (binary)
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Example 7−5. arithmetic and strin
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Chapter 8. Operations and Related T
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Part 3. Beyond the Basics Table of
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$EDITOR the default editor invoked
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Example 9−2. Timed Input Advanced
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echo 'IFS=":", using "$@"' c=0 for
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echo '${var1#$pattern1} =' "${var1#
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t=${path_name%/*.*} # Same effect a
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Chapter 10. Loops and Branches Oper
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As is the case with for/in loops, p
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This construct tests for a conditio
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# Accept upper or lowercase input.
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# May need to also press ENTER if a
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cat, tac # Burn the CDR. cdrecord
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Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide 12.
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exit $E_CHANGED_MIND ;; *) echo "De
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The multiplication operator must be
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echo Number of digits at the beginn
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Outputs very verbose timing statist
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This line occurs three times. This
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# List all the users in /etc/passwd
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Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide # r
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Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide gre
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The −d option deletes a range of
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# Delete CR and write to new file.
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mailto Similar to the mail command,
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[ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] && exit 0
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chroot Advanced Bash−Scripting Gu
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Chapter 15. Arithmetic Expansion Ar
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# Saves stdin. Advanced Bash−Scri
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Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide 16.
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Chapter 17. Here Documents A here d
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Example 17−11. A self−documenti
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Part 4. Advanced Topics At this poi
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"Sed & Awk", by Dougherty and Robbi
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Chapter 20. Subshells Running a she
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let "row = $r" # Count center row o
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next_gen "$Cur" let "generation +=
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[−c localdirectory] [−m filepat
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Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide #:d
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# ListDirectory "FileGlob" "Field
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Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide # I
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The md5sum program is documented as
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Note: 'mount −l' does return the
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Appendix B. A Sed and Awk Micro−P
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Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide Tha
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Appendix D. A Detailed Introduction
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Appendix E. Localization Localizati
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Appendix F. History Commands The Ba
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Appendix H. Converting DOS Batch Fi
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Appendix I. Exercises I.1. Analyzin
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Lottery Numbers One type of lottery
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Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide and
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[33] This is actually a script adap
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# Thanks to Stephane Chazelas for p
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