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Memories of the Holocaust Pictured to the right are the remnants of the old Jewish cemetery in Busk, western Ukraine. Like it, thousands upon thousands of desolate, overgrown and forgotten Jewish cemeteries lie scattered all over Europe. A civilisation created over centuries was obliterated in a matter of years, taking with it virtually all traces of human life, memories and its diverse manifestations. The link between the past and the future, and the generations to come, was violently severed, abruptly and irrevocably. Who were the people buried in Busk’s old cemetery, or in the mass graves nearby? Does anyone remember them? In recapturing Europe’s lost memory, we are confronted with a choice. If Busk’s gravestones were to tell us their stories of a vanished world and what happened there between 1941 and 1943, would we listen? Or would we turn away? Or are we like the geese that strut heedlessly among the mass graves, unable to do otherwise? We should not turn away from the gravestones, pretending they tell us nothing. Nor can we face them endlessly, ignoring the present and future. We must find ways to consciously bring with us into the future that which those stones, documents and witnesses tell us. Only then will knowledge of the Holocaust and its memory support us as we craft a present and future in which Auschwitz can not be repeated. On the left: Holocaust memorials exist worldwide. Pictured is Germany’s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, inaugurated in central Berlin, May 2005. On the right: Across the river Bug is Busk, known before the First World War as “the Venice of Galicia”. The town was home to a significant Jewish population. On the slope to the river, below the cemetery, are 17 mass graves with the remains of about 1,750 Jews, shot by the Germans in 1943. In 2006, a French-Ukrainian research team examined the site. 104
“My past is always at my side, but I camouflage it well. It is always with me, and I remember every moment with my family. When I die, they also die, because they live in my memory. The day I die, no-one can remember them”. ANNA GELLERÓVA, THE ONLY SURVIVOR IN HER FAMILY 105
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In 1997, the former Swedish Prime M
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STéPHANE BRuCHfELD AND PAuL A. LEV
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Table of contents 6 foreword 7 Chil
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Children as guinea pigs
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“I intend to deal with the Jewish
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ment were realised in Europe and th
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1919 1933 16 Sept. Adolf Hitler joi
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Anne frank Anne Frank was born in F
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In 1926, the state of Bavaria passe
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The handicapped and “asocials”
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Persecution Although German Jews nu
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International reactions When Hitler
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The November pogrom On the morning
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The ghettos are formed During the M
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Life in the ghetto The first ghetto
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to the toilet. (…) They die durin
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Death in the streets Death was ever
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1940 Jan. First trials to gas
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The deportation “to the East”,
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At the Umschlagplatz, people someti
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Separations On 12 July 1942, Hertha
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An expert on “the Gypsy nui
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1943 18 Jan. The first rebellion in
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“Buses arrive in Hadamar several
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The Einsatzgruppen “Operation Bar
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Sweden and the Holocaust At the beg
Page 55 and 56: “Fundamentally, our ability and o
Page 57 and 58: The “new Germany” as seen from
Page 59 and 60: Reactions to the November pogrom Th
Page 61 and 62: “Business as usual” - everyday
Page 63 and 64: “Do we not even now remain silent
Page 65 and 66: “One day, these heinous crimes wi
Page 67 and 68: Sweden’s Foreign Office fights g
Page 69 and 70: The White Buses and other res
Page 71 and 72: What does the Holocaust mean for Sw
Page 73 and 74: from bullets to gas After Germany
Page 75 and 76: Sign at Treblinka: “Attention War
Page 77 and 78: Franz Stangl Discussions about the
Page 79 and 80: Pictures from Birkenau in this book
Page 81 and 82: Women and children “of no further
Page 83 and 84: Working in hell The so-called Sonde
Page 85 and 86: “Most of you will know what it me
Page 87 and 88: Annihilation through work The Germa
Page 89 and 90: Resistance and rescue One of the mo
Page 91 and 92: The Warsaw ghetto revolt After more
Page 93 and 94: The death camp revolts Of all the a
Page 95 and 96: swear an oath of allegiance to Hitl
Page 97 and 98: The democracies close their doors N
Page 99 and 100: Witnesses to genocide From the day
Page 101 and 102: “These past few days the Jews fro
Page 103 and 104: The Holocaust - lessons to be learn
Page 105: O you who know did you know that hu
Page 109 and 110: Lindberg, H., Svensk flyktingpoliti
Page 111: p. 101 Levi, P., p. 37. p. 101 Delb
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