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“[We had already] begun to systematically check and catalogue the racial provenance of persons involved in Ger - man cultural life. What could be more obvious than that librarians should make available their skills and knowledge? Working together with representatives of the (Nazi) Movement, librarians checked the curriculum vitae in the dissertations of German doctoral candidates… dictionar - ies and other reference works. It was due to this effort that already by 1933 about half the serviceable preparatory work was on hand for the elimination of Jewish authors, editors and professors.” fROM A LIBRARIAN’S JOuRNAL, 1938 24
The November pogrom On the morning of 7 November 1938, Ernst vom Rath, a diplomat at the German embassy in Paris, was shot by 17-year-old Herschel Grynszpan. Like thousands of other Polish Jews, Grynszpan’s parents had been expelled from Germany the week before. The shooting was Grynszpan’s way of protesting the terrible conditions his “stateless” parents were experiencing in the “no man’s land” on the border between Germany and Poland. When vom Rath died of his injuries on 9 November, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Minister of Propaganda, obtained Hitler’s support to issue instructions leading to a mass mobilisation of Party activists.As non-Jewish Germans stood by and watched, along with the police and legal authorities, the largest organised pogrom in modern European history unfolded. On the evening and night of 9-10 November, and throughout the days that followed, hundreds of synagogues and prayer houses all over Germany were destroyed and thousands of Jewish shops vandalised and plundered during the so-called Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass). Jewish homes and graveyards were vandalised, hundreds of Jews were murdered or committed suicide, and approximately 30,000 Jewish men were captured and sent to concentration camps. The Nazi Government blamed the Jews for these events and forced their organisations to pay an enormous fine of one billion marks to the state. Insurance compensation was confiscated by the state and Jewish shop owners were forced to clean up the mess and “restore the street scene”. On the left: Berlin, 10 May 1933. University students burn “banned” books written by Jews and others. Jewish children forced out of school After 1933, Jewish children were systematically forced out of German schools. The picture above shows a German class of seven- to nine-year-olds and their teacher doing the Nazi salute. Nazi ideals were to be imprinted on children from an early age. Historian Saul Friedländer writes: “For young Hilma Geffen-Ludomer, the only Jewish child in the Berlin suburb of Rangsdorf, the Law Against the Overcrowding of German Schools meant total change. The ‘nice neighbourly atmosphere’ ended ‘abruptly....Suddenly, I didn’t have any friends. I had no more girlfriends, and many neighbours were afraid to talk to us. Some of the neighbours that we visited told me: ‘Don’t come anymore because I’m scared. We should not have any contact with Jews.’ Lore Gang-Salheimer, eleven years old in 1933 and living in Nuremberg, was allowed to stay in school as her father had fought at Verdun. Nonetheless ‘it began to happen that non-Jewish children would say: No I can’t walk home from school with you anymore. I can’t be seen with you anymore.’ ‘With every passing day under Nazi rule’, wrote Martha Appel, ‘the chasm between us and our neighbours grew wider. Friends with whom we had had warm relations for years did not know us anymore. Suddenly we discovered that we were different.’” 25
Page 2 and 3: In 1997, the former Swedish Prime M
Page 5 and 6: STéPHANE BRuCHfELD AND PAuL A. LEV
Page 7 and 8: Table of contents 6 foreword 7 Chil
Page 9 and 10: Children as guinea pigs
Page 11 and 12: “I intend to deal with the Jewish
Page 13 and 14: ment were realised in Europe and th
Page 15 and 16: 1919 1933 16 Sept. Adolf Hitler joi
Page 17 and 18: Anne frank Anne Frank was born in F
Page 19 and 20: In 1926, the state of Bavaria passe
Page 21 and 22: The handicapped and “asocials”
Page 23 and 24: Persecution Although German Jews nu
Page 25: International reactions When Hitler
Page 29 and 30: The ghettos are formed During the M
Page 31 and 32: Life in the ghetto The first ghetto
Page 33 and 34: to the toilet. (…) They die durin
Page 35 and 36: Death in the streets Death was ever
Page 37 and 38: 1940 Jan. First trials to gas
Page 39 and 40: The deportation “to the East”,
Page 41 and 42: At the Umschlagplatz, people someti
Page 43 and 44: Separations On 12 July 1942, Hertha
Page 45 and 46: An expert on “the Gypsy nui
Page 47 and 48: 1943 18 Jan. The first rebellion in
Page 49 and 50: “Buses arrive in Hadamar several
Page 51 and 52: The Einsatzgruppen “Operation Bar
Page 53 and 54: Sweden and the Holocaust At the beg
Page 55 and 56: “Fundamentally, our ability and o
Page 57 and 58: The “new Germany” as seen from
Page 59 and 60: Reactions to the November pogrom Th
Page 61 and 62: “Business as usual” - everyday
Page 63 and 64: “Do we not even now remain silent
Page 65 and 66: “One day, these heinous crimes wi
Page 67 and 68: Sweden’s Foreign Office fights g
Page 69 and 70: The White Buses and other res
Page 71 and 72: What does the Holocaust mean for Sw
Page 73 and 74: from bullets to gas After Germany
Page 75 and 76: Sign at Treblinka: “Attention War
Page 77 and 78:
Franz Stangl Discussions about the
Page 79 and 80:
Pictures from Birkenau in this book
Page 81 and 82:
Women and children “of no further
Page 83 and 84:
Working in hell The so-called Sonde
Page 85 and 86:
“Most of you will know what it me
Page 87 and 88:
Annihilation through work The Germa
Page 89 and 90:
Resistance and rescue One of the mo
Page 91 and 92:
The Warsaw ghetto revolt After more
Page 93 and 94:
The death camp revolts Of all the a
Page 95 and 96:
swear an oath of allegiance to Hitl
Page 97 and 98:
The democracies close their doors N
Page 99 and 100:
Witnesses to genocide From the day
Page 101 and 102:
“These past few days the Jews fro
Page 103 and 104:
The Holocaust - lessons to be learn
Page 105 and 106:
O you who know did you know that hu
Page 107 and 108:
“My past is always at my side, bu
Page 109 and 110:
Lindberg, H., Svensk flyktingpoliti
Page 111:
p. 101 Levi, P., p. 37. p. 101 Delb
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