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“These young people will learn nothing else but how to think and act German. When these boys and girls join the Pioneers at the age of ten, and experience fresh air, often for the very first time, and then, after four years, join the Hitler Youth where we keep them for four more years (…) they will never be free again, not in their whole lives.” ADOLF HITLER IN A SPEECH 2 DECEMBER 1938 A Hitler Youth member instructs a young girl in a German colony in occupied Poland. These colonies were established to help secure German “Lebensraum” (living space) in the East. Native populations were deported from their farms, which were then occupied by German families. 10
ment were realised in Europe and the United States during the first half of the 20th century with the sterilisation of hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women. The First World War, 1914-1918, demonstrated the capacity of industrialised societies to kill men on a massive scale. Many of the Nazi Party’s members were veterans who experienced Germany’s defeat first-hand.They blamed this catastrophe on the country’s small Jewish population, creating a desire for revenge.The Nazis said that Germany’s redemption and rebirth could only be accomplished by introducing racial biology, eugenics and antisemitism into politics. They wished to create a “racially pure”, homogeneous society in which the “natural” differences between people were recognised and legalised. The so-called Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were an expression of this.The laws were initially aimed at Jews, but soon came to include “Gypsies, negroes and their bastard offspring”. Only “citizens of German or kindred blood” were granted full civil rights. The legal experts who drafted the laws commented: “Against the teachings of the equality of all people (…) National Socialism brings forth the hard but necessary awareness of the basic differences between people…” Such factors laid the necessary ideological foundations for the Holocaust, and paved the way for its psychological and technological realisation. From 1933 to 1945, persecution and genocide were perpetrated throughout Europe: the practical result of Hitler’s regime and its racist ideology. Anny Horowitz identified After the Germans occupied France in 1940, all Jews were registered. This was the first step towards the Holocaust in France. Anny Horowitz was a French Jew born in Strasbourg in 1933, yet classified as a “foreigner under surveillance” as her identity card indicates. First interned at a camp near Tours, she was then sent to the Drancy camp, located in a Parisian suburb. On 11 September 1942 she was deported to Auschwitz with the 31st deportation train from France. With her on the train were her mother Frieda and her 7-year-old sister Paulette. On the transport were 1,000 men, women and children. Upon arrival on 13 September, more than 600 of them, including all children, were taken straight to the gas chambers. Anny and Paulette were only two of the approximately one and a half million Jewish children murdered during the Holocaust. On average, only one in ten survived the war. In countries like Poland and the Baltic States, and in occupied areas such as the Soviet Union, the chances of Jewish children surviving were extremely low. 11
Page 2 and 3: In 1997, the former Swedish Prime M
Page 5 and 6: STéPHANE BRuCHfELD AND PAuL A. LEV
Page 7 and 8: Table of contents 6 foreword 7 Chil
Page 9 and 10: Children as guinea pigs
Page 11: “I intend to deal with the Jewish
Page 15 and 16: 1919 1933 16 Sept. Adolf Hitler joi
Page 17 and 18: Anne frank Anne Frank was born in F
Page 19 and 20: In 1926, the state of Bavaria passe
Page 21 and 22: The handicapped and “asocials”
Page 23 and 24: Persecution Although German Jews nu
Page 25 and 26: International reactions When Hitler
Page 27 and 28: The November pogrom On the morning
Page 29 and 30: The ghettos are formed During the M
Page 31 and 32: Life in the ghetto The first ghetto
Page 33 and 34: to the toilet. (…) They die durin
Page 35 and 36: Death in the streets Death was ever
Page 37 and 38: 1940 Jan. First trials to gas
Page 39 and 40: The deportation “to the East”,
Page 41 and 42: At the Umschlagplatz, people someti
Page 43 and 44: Separations On 12 July 1942, Hertha
Page 45 and 46: An expert on “the Gypsy nui
Page 47 and 48: 1943 18 Jan. The first rebellion in
Page 49 and 50: “Buses arrive in Hadamar several
Page 51 and 52: The Einsatzgruppen “Operation Bar
Page 53 and 54: Sweden and the Holocaust At the beg
Page 55 and 56: “Fundamentally, our ability and o
Page 57 and 58: The “new Germany” as seen from
Page 59 and 60: Reactions to the November pogrom Th
Page 61 and 62: “Business as usual” - everyday
Page 63 and 64:
“Do we not even now remain silent
Page 65 and 66:
“One day, these heinous crimes wi
Page 67 and 68:
Sweden’s Foreign Office fights g
Page 69 and 70:
The White Buses and other res
Page 71 and 72:
What does the Holocaust mean for Sw
Page 73 and 74:
from bullets to gas After Germany
Page 75 and 76:
Sign at Treblinka: “Attention War
Page 77 and 78:
Franz Stangl Discussions about the
Page 79 and 80:
Pictures from Birkenau in this book
Page 81 and 82:
Women and children “of no further
Page 83 and 84:
Working in hell The so-called Sonde
Page 85 and 86:
“Most of you will know what it me
Page 87 and 88:
Annihilation through work The Germa
Page 89 and 90:
Resistance and rescue One of the mo
Page 91 and 92:
The Warsaw ghetto revolt After more
Page 93 and 94:
The death camp revolts Of all the a
Page 95 and 96:
swear an oath of allegiance to Hitl
Page 97 and 98:
The democracies close their doors N
Page 99 and 100:
Witnesses to genocide From the day
Page 101 and 102:
“These past few days the Jews fro
Page 103 and 104:
The Holocaust - lessons to be learn
Page 105 and 106:
O you who know did you know that hu
Page 107 and 108:
“My past is always at my side, bu
Page 109 and 110:
Lindberg, H., Svensk flyktingpoliti
Page 111:
p. 101 Levi, P., p. 37. p. 101 Delb
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