p. 31 Rudashevski, Y., p. 31. p. 45 Death sentence of “White Rose” p. 57 Arvid Fredborg, quoted in Larsmo, p. 69 Stålhane, B., p. 65. p. 83 Fritz Klein, quoted in Lifton, p. p. 32 Jacob Gens, quoted in Arad, Y. et members, quoted in Scholl, I., p. O., p. 73. p. 69 Valentin, H., p. 169. 16. al., pp. 453–454. 114. p. 59 Hermann Göring, quoted in i.a. p. 69 A commentator (Arne Ruth), in the p. 84 Shalom Lindenbaum, quoted p. 32 Liebermann-Shiber, E., p. 30. p. 46 Albert Widmann conversation, Upsala Nya Tidning, 5 October preface to Lomfors, I., Blind fläck, in Gilbert, M., Auschwitz & The p. 33 Blady Szwajger, A., p. 33–34. quoted in Burleigh, M., p. 119. 1942. p. 10. Allies, p. 315. p. 33 The photographer (Heinrich Jöst), p. 46 Form letter from the Bernburg p. 60 Anders Forshell in a letter to p. 70 Otto Wallén, Zeth Höglund p. 84 Richard Law, quoted in in Jöst, H., p. 19. “euthanasia” centre, quoted in Carlos Adlercreutz, 30 June 1941, and Gösta Bagge, quoted in Rubenstein, R., p. 20. p. 34 Odette Daltroff-Baticie, quoted in Noakes, J., Pridham, G., vol. 3, Krigsarkivet. Riksdagstrycket 1939, AK p. 85 Joseph Schupack, quoted in Klarsfeld, S., French Children of p.1028. p. 60 C.A. Juhlin-Dannfelt on the protokoll nr 12, pp. 34, 35 and Goldhagen, D., p. 294. the Holocaust, pp. 47-48. p. 46 Heinrich Himmler, quoted “decimation” of Soviet POWs in 42. p. 86 Italian minister (Guiseppe p. 35 Ley, R., p. 231. in Der Prozess gegen die a letter to Carlos Adlercreutz, 17 p. 70 King Gustav V congratulates Hitler, Bastianini), quoted in Mazower, p. 35 Europe will be combed through; Hauptkriegsverbrecher…, vol. 29, October 1941, Krigsarkivet. quoted in Thorsell, S., p. 226. M., p. 401. from the Wannsee conference pp. 145–146. p. 60 C.A. Juhlin-Dannfelt on SS p. 70 King Gustav V appeals to Horthy, p. 87 Andrea Devoto, quoted in Piper, F., minutes, quoted in Roseman, M., p. 47 Catholic Bishop in Limburg, special squads in a letter to Carlos quoted in Levine, P. A., From Swiebocka, T., p. 199. pp. 108-118. quoted in Noakes, J., Pridham, G., Adlercreutz, 29 October 1941, Indifference to Activism, p. 274. p. 87 Call for resistance, quoted in Arad, p.35 Anthony Eden, quoted in Hansard, vol. 3, pp. 1039–1040. Krigsarkivet. p. 71 August Becker, quoted in Arad, Y. Y., et al., p. 303. http://hansard.millbanksystemp. p. 48 Tory, A., p. 49. p. 60 Stockholms-Tidningen 27 et al., pp. 419–420. p. 88 Simcha Rotem quoted in com/commons/1942/dec/17/ p. 49 The Jäger Report from September 1941 quoted in p. 72 Yankel Wiernik, quoted in Glass, Lanzmann, C., pp. 197-198. united-nations- declaration Einsatzgruppe A, quoted in Klee, Svanberg, I., Tydén, M., p. 225. J., p. 123. p. 89 Mordechai Anielewicz quoted in #S5CV0385P0_19421217_ E. et al., p. 52. p. 60 Fl. Hällzon in Hemmets Vän, 5 p. 72 Franz Suchomel, quoted in Yahil, L., p. 482. HOC_280 p. 49 Lieutenant Walther, quoted in August 1943. Lanzmann, C., pp. 62 and 107. p. 90 Moshe Bairach, quoted in Tec, N., p. 35 Torgny Segerstedt, quoted in Schoenberner, G., p. 109. p. 61 Leader in Eskilstuna-Kuriren, p. 73 Text on notice in Treblinka, quoted pp. 3–4. Svanberg, I., Tydén, M., p. 269. p. 49 Karl Jäger, quoted in Klee, E. et “Kristet val?”, 16 September in Noakes J., Pridham G., vol. 3, p. 91 Stanislaw Kon, quoted in Yahil, L., p. 36 Instructions to local police al., p. 56. 1942. p. 1154. p. 484. authorities, quoted in Noakes, J., p. 50 Hermann Friedrich Gräbe, quoted p. 62 Göteborgs-Tidningen 29 November p. 75 Browning, C., p. xvii. p. 92 A historian (J.P. Stern), in Stern, Pridham, G., vol. 3, pp. 1078– in Schoenberner, G., p. 97. 1942, quoted in Svanberg, I., p. 75 Theresa Stangl, quoted In Sereny, J.P., pp. 193–194. 1079. p. 52 Pehr Emanuel Lithander, quoted in Tydén, M., p. 255. G., p. 361. p. 92 Edelweiss Pirates, quoted in p. 36 Police report, quoted in Noakes, Stare, J., pp. 41–42 p. 62 Olle Nystedt, quoted in Svanberg, p. 76 Johann P. Kremer, quoted in Peukert, D.J.K., p. 158. J., Pridham, G., vol. 3, p. 1080. p. 52 Arthur Engberg, 7 May 1921, I., Tydén, M., p. 259. Beszwinska, J., Czech, D., pp. 153 p. 93 Helmuth von Moltke, quoted in p. 39 Birenbaum, H., pp. 34–36. quoted in Riksdagstrycket 1921, p. 62 Göteborgs-Posten 17 December and 154. Klemperer, K. von, p. 4. p. 40 Perechodnik, C., p. 46. AK protokoll nr 39, p. 16. 1942, quoted in Svanberg, I., p. 79 Delbo, C., Aucun de nous ne p. 93 Haffner, S., p. 144. p. 41 Hertha Josias, quoted in Lomfors, p. 53 Handbook for soldiers, quoted in Tydén, M., p. 298. reviendra, pp. 16–17. p. 93 Charlotte Israel, quoted in I., Breven från Hertha, p. 81. Bruchfeld, S., Jacobsson, I., p. p. 63 Arthur Engberg, quoted in p. 80 Salmen Lewental, quoted in Stoltzfus, N., p. 243. p. 41 Hermann Friedrich Gräbe, quoted 127. Svanberg, I., Tydén, M., pp. 254 Swiebocka, T., et al., pp. 250– p. 96 Melita Maschmann, quoted in in Rittner, C., Myers, S., p. 43. p. 55 Diplomat Einar af Wirsén in a 255. 251. Noakes, J., Pridham, G., vol. 2, p. 41 Müller, T., pp. 68–69. report to Per Albin Hansson and p. 64 Kurt Lundin, quoted in Schön, B., p. 81 Delbo, C., Aucun de nous ne pp. 544–545. p. 41 Pagis, D. in Schiff, H., p. 180. Rickard Sandler, 21 September p. 170. reviendra, p. 18. p. 97 Czeslaw Milosz, in Schiff, H., p. p. 42 Friedländer, S., The Years of 1935, Riksarkivet, HP 1 CT, p. 64 A Swede (Lars Rooth) in Allied p. 81 Levi, P., pp. 36–37. 167-168. Persecution, p. 225. #1148. service, quoted in Gyllenhaal, L., p. 82 Heinrich Himmler’s p. 98 Cecylia Przylucka, quoted in p. 43 Josef Reinhardt, quoted in p. 55 Torgny Segerstedt in Göteborgs Westberg, L., p. 181. recommendations, quoted in Tencer, G., p. 138. Krausnick, M., p. 97. Handels- och Sjöfartstidning, 3 p. 66 Carl Ivan Danielsson, quoted in Breitman, R., p. 221. p. 99 Kellner, F., p. 311. p. 44 Delbo, C., Aucun de nous ne February 1933. Levine, P. A., From Indifference to p. 83 Heinrich Himmler, quoted p. 100 Rosensaft, H., p. 203. reviendra, p. 11. p. 56 Sigfrid Hansson, quoted in Activism, p. 275. in Der Prozess gegen die p. 101 Influential voices, e.g. Winston Lindberg, H., p. 208. p. 67 A survivor (Anna Gellerová), Hauptkriegsverbrecher …, vol. 29, Churchill, quoted in Lipgens, W., quoted in Garde, P.-K., p. 25. pp. 145–146. Loth, W., pp. 664-665. 108
p. 101 Levi, P., p. 37. p. 101 Delbo, C., Aucun de nous ne reviendra, pp. 137-139; Une connaissance inutile, p. 185 and passim. p. 101 Bartov, O., p. 89. p. 101 Valentin, H., p. 169. p. 103 Delbo, C., Auschwitz and After, p. 11. Pictures and illustrations The cover and p.25, 43:1, 43:2, 55, 67, 96, 104. IBL Bildbyrå p.7:1, 7:2, 34. Serge Klarsfeldt from the book ”French Children of the Holocaust” p. 9. Oded Zan / Elias Sourasky Central Library, Tel Aviv University p. 10, 22, 38, 54, 59, 62, 66. Scanpix p. 11. Mémorial de la Shoah / CDJC/coll. S. Klarsfeld p. 12. Wiener Library, London p. 13. Albert Langen, USHMM p. 14, 98. From the book “And I Still See Their Faces” by permission of the Shalom Foundation Collection of Golda Tencer-Szurmiej p. 15. AFS Amsterdam/AFF Basel p. 16. Bpk / Friedrich Seidenstücker p. 17. Hans Firzlaff / Satire-Verlag, Hannover p. 19. USHMM, courtesy of Robert A. Schmuhl p. 20. Bpk / Bayerische Staatsbibliothek / Archiv Heinrich Hoffmann p. 23, 53, 61, 102. Reproduction National Library of Sweden p. 24, 65, 68, 95. SVT p. 26. USHMM, courtesy of Instytut Pamieci Narodowej p. 27, 29, 30, 33, 37, 39, 41, 44, 79, 80, 85, 86, 90, 99. Yad Vashem p. 28, 63, 73, 74, 77, 89. Jakob Wegelius p. 32, 40. Ella Libermann-Shiber, From the art collection of the Ghetto Fighters’ House Holocaust and the Jewish Resistance Heritage Museum, Western, Galilee, Israel p. 45. Royal Dutch Gymnastics Federation p. 46, 47. Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden p. 48. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, vol. 8 p. 50:1, 50:2, 82:1, 82:2, 83:1, 83:2. USHMM p. 51. From the book Sverige och Förintelsen, Debatt och dokument om Europas judar 1933-1945, Ingvar Svanberg & Mattias Tydén p. 52. Reproduction: Olle Hjortzberg, National Library of Sweden p. 56. Procordia Bildarkiv p. 58. Rune Rautio via Erich Körner p. 64. Martin Månssons privata samling p. 75. Samuel Willenberg p. 78. USHMM, courtesy of Yad Vashem p. 81. David Olère p. 88. USHMM, courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park p. 92. George Schodl/IMS p. 94. IMS p. 100. KZ Gedenkstaette Dachau p. 105. Guillaume Ribot The publisher has attempted to contact all copyright holders. Assistance in contacting potential copyright holders would be appreciated. 109
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In 1997, the former Swedish Prime M
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STéPHANE BRuCHfELD AND PAuL A. LEV
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Table of contents 6 foreword 7 Chil
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Children as guinea pigs
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“I intend to deal with the Jewish
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ment were realised in Europe and th
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1919 1933 16 Sept. Adolf Hitler joi
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Anne frank Anne Frank was born in F
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In 1926, the state of Bavaria passe
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The handicapped and “asocials”
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Persecution Although German Jews nu
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International reactions When Hitler
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The November pogrom On the morning
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The ghettos are formed During the M
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Life in the ghetto The first ghetto
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to the toilet. (…) They die durin
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Death in the streets Death was ever
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1940 Jan. First trials to gas
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The deportation “to the East”,
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At the Umschlagplatz, people someti
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Separations On 12 July 1942, Hertha
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An expert on “the Gypsy nui
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1943 18 Jan. The first rebellion in
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“Buses arrive in Hadamar several
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The Einsatzgruppen “Operation Bar
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Sweden and the Holocaust At the beg
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“Fundamentally, our ability and o
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The “new Germany” as seen from
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