Cambridge Preterm Latin language pack
Cambridge Preterm Latin language pack - CW's language page
Cambridge Preterm Latin language pack - CW's language page
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<strong>Latin</strong> adverbs (Kennedy §§85a–87 & 162–170; Gildersleeve and Lodge §§91–93)<br />
1. Many adverbs are formed from 2nd declension (sometimes 3rd) forms, adding ablatival -![d] or -"[d] to the stem of the word, e.g.:<br />
aegr!<br />
aequ!<br />
am"c!<br />
b#n#<br />
cert!<br />
cert$<br />
c%t&<br />
citr$<br />
dign!<br />
e$<br />
extempl$<br />
fals$<br />
fer!<br />
ferm!<br />
fort#<br />
h'm(n!<br />
lent!<br />
m)l#<br />
miser!<br />
m&d&<br />
oppid$<br />
pulchr!<br />
qu$<br />
r(r!<br />
r(r$<br />
rect!<br />
r#pent!<br />
s(n!<br />
subit$<br />
t't$<br />
uald!<br />
u!r!<br />
u!r$<br />
ultr$<br />
uulg$<br />
2. -iter, -ter, and -er appear in 3rd declension (sometimes 2nd) forms, e.g.:<br />
aliter<br />
audacter<br />
breuiter<br />
celeriter<br />
constanter<br />
fall(citer<br />
fer$citer<br />
fortiter<br />
h'm(niter<br />
largiter<br />
molliter<br />
pr'denter<br />
sapienter<br />
similiter<br />
uehementer<br />
3. Some adverbs are the accusative singular neuter of the adjective (this is regular for comparative adverbs, e.g. melius), e.g.:<br />
aliquantum<br />
c!terum<br />
dulce<br />
facile<br />
imp'ne<br />
multum<br />
nimium<br />
parum<br />
paulum<br />
pl!rumque<br />
postr!mum<br />
potissimum<br />
pr"mum<br />
quantum<br />
tr"ste<br />
4. Some originate in feminine forms, e.g.:<br />
ali(s<br />
aliquam<br />
bif(riam<br />
clam<br />
c$ram<br />
dextr(<br />
h(c<br />
iam<br />
palam<br />
perperam<br />
qu(<br />
quam<br />
rect(<br />
sinistr(<br />
tam<br />
'n(<br />
5. -tim, originally an accusative form, becomes an adverbial suffix, e.g:<br />
aceru(tim<br />
articul(tim<br />
caesim<br />
cateru(tim<br />
centuri(tim<br />
cert(tim<br />
c$nf!stim<br />
cursim<br />
f'rtim<br />
gener(tim<br />
grad(tim<br />
greg(tim<br />
gutt(tim<br />
inc"sim<br />
interim<br />
membr(tim<br />
min't(tim<br />
partim<br />
passim<br />
paul(tim<br />
pedetemptim<br />
praesertim<br />
pr"u(tim<br />
raptim<br />
saltim usu. saltem<br />
s!nsim<br />
s!par(tim<br />
singul(tim<br />
statim<br />
strictim<br />
summ(tim<br />
trib'tim<br />
uicissim<br />
uir"tim<br />
'niuersim<br />
6. -tus is originally ablatival, then becomes a suffix, e.g.:<br />
ant"qu%tus<br />
d"u"n%tus<br />
fund%tus (< fundus farm, land)<br />
intus<br />
p#n%tus<br />
r(d"c%tus<br />
7. -uorsum adverbs show an originally accusative uersum (< uerto) attached as a suffix, e.g:<br />
aduorsum > aduersum (also aduersus)<br />
ali$uorsum > aliorsum (also aliorsus)<br />
d!uorsum > d#orsum (also d#orsus)<br />
qu$uorsum > quorsum (also quorsus)<br />
pr$uorsum > prorsum (also prorsus)<br />
retr$uorsum > retr$(r)sum (also retr$(r)sus)<br />
reuersum > r'rsum (also r'rsus)<br />
subuersum > s'rsum (also s'rsus)<br />
8. tenus is an old accusative noun (“a stretching”) that becomes a suffix (and a preposition), e.g.:<br />
aliqu(tenus e(tenus h(ctenus qu(tenus<br />
9. A range of other suffixes and adverbial formations can be found, e.g. i-bi, in-de, quan-d", d#-dum, com-minus, n#-per (< nouom-per cf. sem-per).<br />
10. Comparatives are formed by the neuter accusative of the adjective, superlatives normally in -issim!. Some important forms:<br />
b#n# melius opt%m! (archaic opt*m!)<br />
di' di'tius di'tissim!<br />
intus interius intim!<br />
magnopere magis maxim! (maxume)<br />
m)l# p!ius pessim! (pessume)<br />
multum pl's pl'rimum (plurumum)<br />
n!quiter n!quius n!quissim!<br />
$citer (rare) $cius $cissim!<br />
paulum minus minim! (minume)<br />
post / post#( posterius postr!m$<br />
pote (rare as adv.) potius potissimum or potissim! (rare and late) (potissumum)<br />
prae (archaic as adv.) prius pr"mum or pr"m$<br />
prope propius proxim! (proxume)<br />
saepe saepius saepissim!
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