DENIZENS OF ALIEN WORLDS

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41 madrassa students, as even English-medium school students have to study this language. However, as English-medium students are exposed to other discourses which probably dilute the influence of the state-sponsored ideological texts, it is only the Urdu-medium ones (i.e. the common people of Pakistan) who feel the full brunt of this ideological exposure. It should be added that lessons are taught through rote learning in crammed classes where the teacher is authoritative and, indeed, very intimidating. The teacher often makes a child recite the lesson in a sing-song voice (ek dooni dooni; do dooni char) and the class joins in the chorus. Children rock their bodies as they chant the familiar parroted formulas. Nor does this happen in arithmetical tables only---of which the above is an example---but, indeed, it is the major method of instruction. Essays in languages are written on the black board to be copied verbatim. Any originality, any questioning of given facts, any deviation from the traditional interpretation is frowned upon and sometimes punished. Actually, what will become clear later in the context of madrassa education, the Urdu-medium schools continue the tradition of the madrassa which functioned in a society in transition from orality to literacy (hence the use of mnemonic devices, repetition, chorus etc) and one which had to conserve the sacred texts and their orthodox interpretations from the irreverent attacks of the heretics (hence the intolerance of questioning and analytical analysis leading to new results). Hence, while the British implanted modern education in India, it adopted itself to time-honoured cultural norms and became a hybrid between madrassa education and modern education. Funding of Urdu schools These schools employ matriculates to teach primary classes and those with F.A and B.A degrees to teach middle and high schools classes. The salaries given to the teachers in most schools are as follows: Box 3.7 Educational Level Salary Grade Average pay & allowances per month. Matriculation 7 7,578 F.A (CT) 10 8,448
42 B.A (B. Ed) 16 14,099 Headmaster 17 18,316 The budget of an Urdu-medium Federal Government Model School in Islamabad, even though better paid than its provincial counterparts, had a total budget of Rs 5, 309,000 for 2002-2003. As there were 960 boys in this school, the expenditure per pupil per year is expected to be Rs. 5,530. According to the figures given by the Federal Directorate of Education (Islamabad) the cost per student per year is Rs 4,818 (in 370 schools the enrollment is 160,576 whereas the budget for 2002-03 is 773,641,000). The major heads of expenditure are given in detail in Annexure-7 which indicate that there are some matriculate and intermediate pass teachers on the faculty of even government schools in cities. In the rural areas the number of below-graduate teachers is very high. The average expenditure per pupil per year in ordinary Urdu-medium government schools can be judged by looking at the schools of the Rawalpindi district in 2003. Box 3.8 Cost Per Pupil Per Year in Urdu-Medium Government Schools in 2003 (Rawalpindi District) Male Female Total Schools 1,191 1,213 2,404 Enrollment 389,259 170,696 559,955 Teachers 7,236 6,073 13,309 Teachers/student ratio Budget 54 students per teacher 28 per teacher 42 per teacher Rs. 1268 million Cost per pupil per year - - Rs. 2,264.5 Cost to the state (per pupil per year) - - Rs. 2,264.5 Source: Office of the District Executive officer (Education), Rawalpindi. Recently, because of the dismal state of government schools, philanthropists and social workers have started establishing schools also. There are many examples of such
Page 1 and 2: DENIZENS OF ALIEN WORLDS: A Study o
Page 3 and 4: 2 List of Abbreviations Glossary Pr
Page 5 and 6: 4 Jihad Madrassa Maktab Maulvi Muns
Page 7 and 8: 6 being unsupported by any institut
Page 9 and 10: 8 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION There are
Page 11 and 12: 10 Another book, by Naseem Jaffer Q
Page 13 and 14: 12 Let us keep in mind that Pakista
Page 15 and 16: 14 ones. There is much new data in
Page 17 and 18: 16 quarters with the sole object of
Page 19 and 20: 18 capable of being employed in sub
Page 21 and 22: 20 (GOP 2003: 159). Examples of the
Page 23 and 24: 22 It was in this document that the
Page 25 and 26: 24 Because of such laws, academics
Page 27 and 28: 26 strengthening unity of the ou
Page 29 and 30: 28 Thus, their role in universaliza
Page 31 and 32: 30 whereas provincial government sc
Page 33 and 34: 32 Dr. Qurat began this work in 199
Page 35 and 36: 34 Thus the most representative of
Page 37 and 38: 36 Most of the 25,995,068 (GOP 2002
Page 39 and 40: 38 Class-6 Class-7 Class-8 Class-9
Page 41: 40 Conclusion: the Muslims from the
Page 45 and 46: 44 abroad. Their families are conse
Page 47 and 48: 46 possible that Pakistan and India
Page 49 and 50: 48 Gender-wise Tabulation of Attitu
Page 51 and 52: 50 the madrassas and those whose pa
Page 53 and 54: 52 charge tuition ranging between R
Page 55 and 56: 54 schools, whether the administrat
Page 57 and 58: 56 Box 4.5 Average tuition fees per
Page 59 and 60: 58 non-elitist schools, as we have
Page 61 and 62: 60 parents of the Badin PAF Model S
Page 63 and 64: 62 national language is given at be
Page 65 and 66: 64 Aitchison 196 Kohat 144 Larkana
Page 67 and 68: 66 Militancy Among Cadet College/Pu
Page 69 and 70: 68 These figures should be taken wi
Page 71 and 72: 70 Box 4.14 Tolerance Among Elitist
Page 73 and 74: 72 1997 21 34 1998 20 31 Source: An
Page 75 and 76: 74 children mostly speaking in Khan
Page 77 and 78: 76 world. This war is represented a
Page 79 and 80: 78 This fluency and spontaneity in
Page 81 and 82: 80 believed—that the best ideas w
Page 83 and 84: 82 English novels filling us up on
Page 85 and 86: 84 The Peripatetic Tutor Arif Khan
Page 87 and 88: 86 CHAPTER-5 MADRASSAS The madrassa
Page 89 and 90: 88 Box 5.2 Sect-Wise Increase in th
Page 91 and 92: 90 (Sharia) was the path to mystica
Page 93 and 94:
92 modern subjects in some measure
Page 95 and 96:
94 taught there, even now---and the
Page 97 and 98:
96 controversial issues‘ (Ibid, p
Page 99 and 100:
98 appalling poverty of rural, peri
Page 101:
100 students and 1000 day students,
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DENIZENS OF ALIEN WORLDS

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