DENIZENS OF ALIEN WORLDS

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87 They send examination papers, in Urdu and Arabic, to the madrassas where pupils sit for examinations and declare results. The names of the boards are as follows:- Box 5.1 Central Boards of Madrassas in Pakistan Name Sub-Sect Place Date Established Wafaq ul Madaris Deobandi Multan 1959 Tanzim ul Madaris Barelvi Lahore 1960 Wafaq ul Madaris Shia Lahore 1959 (Shia) Pakistan Rabta-tul-Madaris-al- Jamat-i-Islami Lahore 1983 Islamia Wafq-ul-Madaris-al- Ahl-i-Hadith Faislabad 1955 Salafia Source: Offices of the respective Boards. At independence there were 137, or even fewer, madrassas. In April 2002, Dr. Mahmood Ahmed Ghazi, the Minister of Religious Affairs, put the figure at 10,000 with 1.7 million students (ICG 2002: 2). They belong to the major sects of Islam, the Sunnis and the Shias, However, Pakistan being a predominantly Sunni country, the Shia ones are very few. Among the Sunni ones there are three sub-sects: Deobandis, Barelvis and the Ahl-i-Hadith (salafi). Besides these, the revivalist Jamat-e-Islami also has its own madrassas. The number of madrassas has been increasing during General Zia ul Haq‘s rule (1977-1988). During the war by Islamic Afghan groups in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union the United States sent in money, arms and ammunition through Pakistan which is said to have been used to support the madrassas. Later, presumably because religiously inspired and madrassa students infiltrated across the line of control to fight the Indian army in Kashmir, they were supported by the Pakistan army (specifically the Inter Services Intelligence agency). However, both the ISI and the madrassas deny these links (see several issues of Wafaq al Madaris) and therefore, it cannot be ascertained as to how many madrassas have increased by the financial aid provided by foreign donors or the Pakistan army. The increase in the number of registered madrassas is as follows (for details of increase in provinces see Annexure 4).
88 Box 5.2 Sect-Wise Increase in the Number of Madrassas Deobandi Barelvi Ahl-i-Hadith Shia Jamat-i-Islami Total 1988 2002 1988 2002 1988 2002 1988 2002 1988 2002 1988 2002 1779 7000 717 1585 161 376 47 419 97* 500 2801 9880 Source: For 1988 see GOP 1988; for 2002 Report of Sindh Police in Dawn 16 Jan 2003. The other figures have been provided by the Central Boards of madrassas. *This figure in GOP 1988 was for ‗Others‘ and not only for the Jamat-i-Islami madrassas. P.W. Singer gives the figure of 45,000 madrassas but quotes no source for this number (Singer 2001). The Saudi Arabian organization, Harmain Islamic Foundation, is said to have helped the Ahl-i-Hadith and made them powerful. Indeed, the Lashkar-e-Tayyaba, an organization which has been active in fighting in Kashmir, belongs to the Ahl-i-Hadith (Ahmed 2002: 10). In recent years, the Deobandi influence has increased as the Taliban were trained in their seminaries. However, contrary to popular belief, it is the other madrassas and not the Deobandi ones which have either got registered in large numbers since 1988 or actually increased in number. The increase in percentages in the different madrassas of the major sub-sects or sects between 1988 and 2000 is as follows: Box 3 Increase in the Madrassas between 1988 and 2000 in percentages Deobandi 6% Barelvi 90% Ahl-i-Hadish 93% Shia 532% Others Not known Total 136%
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DENIZENS OF ALIEN WORLDS: A Study o
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2 List of Abbreviations Glossary Pr
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4 Jihad Madrassa Maktab Maulvi Muns
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6 being unsupported by any institut
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8 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION There are
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10 Another book, by Naseem Jaffer Q
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12 Let us keep in mind that Pakista
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14 ones. There is much new data in
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16 quarters with the sole object of
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18 capable of being employed in sub
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20 (GOP 2003: 159). Examples of the
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22 It was in this document that the
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24 Because of such laws, academics
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26 strengthening unity of the ou
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28 Thus, their role in universaliza
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30 whereas provincial government sc
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32 Dr. Qurat began this work in 199
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34 Thus the most representative of
Page 37 and 38: 36 Most of the 25,995,068 (GOP 2002
Page 39 and 40: 38 Class-6 Class-7 Class-8 Class-9
Page 41 and 42: 40 Conclusion: the Muslims from the
Page 43 and 44: 42 B.A (B. Ed) 16 14,099 Headmaster
Page 45 and 46: 44 abroad. Their families are conse
Page 47 and 48: 46 possible that Pakistan and India
Page 49 and 50: 48 Gender-wise Tabulation of Attitu
Page 51 and 52: 50 the madrassas and those whose pa
Page 53 and 54: 52 charge tuition ranging between R
Page 55 and 56: 54 schools, whether the administrat
Page 57 and 58: 56 Box 4.5 Average tuition fees per
Page 59 and 60: 58 non-elitist schools, as we have
Page 61 and 62: 60 parents of the Badin PAF Model S
Page 63 and 64: 62 national language is given at be
Page 65 and 66: 64 Aitchison 196 Kohat 144 Larkana
Page 67 and 68: 66 Militancy Among Cadet College/Pu
Page 69 and 70: 68 These figures should be taken wi
Page 71 and 72: 70 Box 4.14 Tolerance Among Elitist
Page 73 and 74: 72 1997 21 34 1998 20 31 Source: An
Page 75 and 76: 74 children mostly speaking in Khan
Page 77 and 78: 76 world. This war is represented a
Page 79 and 80: 78 This fluency and spontaneity in
Page 81 and 82: 80 believed—that the best ideas w
Page 83 and 84: 82 English novels filling us up on
Page 85 and 86: 84 The Peripatetic Tutor Arif Khan
Page 87: 86 CHAPTER-5 MADRASSAS The madrassa
Page 91 and 92: 90 (Sharia) was the path to mystica
Page 93 and 94: 92 modern subjects in some measure
Page 95 and 96: 94 taught there, even now---and the
Page 97 and 98: 96 controversial issues‘ (Ibid, p
Page 99 and 100: 98 appalling poverty of rural, peri
Page 101: 100 students and 1000 day students,
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