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QUALITY SCHOOL INTERACTIONS AND STUDENT WELL-BEING IN THE DRC<br />

Figure 4: Supportive Schools and Teachers,<br />

Treatment by School Baseline Moderation<br />

NOTE: Y axis is truncated for clearer presentation. Graphed at one standard deviation<br />

below and above the baseline mean.<br />

Predictable and Cooperative Contexts<br />

Contrary to our expectations, treatment showed a significant negative main<br />

effect on the predictable and cooperative contexts outcome (see table 3, column<br />

2). Students in treatment clusters perceived lower levels of cooperation and<br />

predictability than students in control clusters (b = -.11, p = .09, d WT<br />

= -0.15).<br />

Moderation analyses showed that child gender, language minority status, and<br />

schools’ baseline scores did not qualify this negative effect (see table 4, column<br />

2). However, there was a significant interaction with grade (see figure 5). Secondgrade<br />

students were not affected by treatment (b = -.04, p = .58), but third-grade<br />

(b = -.11, p = .08) and fourth-grade (b = -.18, p < .01) students showed the negative<br />

treatment effect. Thus, the program resulted in less predictable and cooperative<br />

contexts; this effect applied particularly to children in grades three and four.<br />

October 2015 71

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