Yttrium-90 and Rhenium-188 Radiopharmaceuticals for Radionuclide Therapy

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CHAPTER 8 LABELLING OF BIOTIN WITH 188 Re M. PASQUALI Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy E. JANEVIK Faculty of Medical Sciences, University ‘Goce Delcev’, Stip, Republic of Macedonia L. UCCELLI Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy A. BOSCHI Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy A. DUATTI Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy 120 Abstract Different chemical strategies have been employed for labelling biotin using 188 Re with the aim to develop a sterile and pyrogen free kit formulation that is suitable for clinical use. A number of biotin conjugated 188 Re complexes were prepared and evaluated to determine their affinity for avidin. The most difficult challenge was to devise an efficient reaction pathway that was able to obtain the final radiocompounds in a high radiochemical yield. This work describes the molecular design and the chemical strategy that were followed to obtain reliable preparation of the new radiopharmaceuticals starting from generator produced [ 188 ReO 4 ] – .
8.1. INTRODUCTION In past years, the pretargeting approach based on avidin biotin interaction has been extensively used to overcome problems associated with the use of radiolabelled antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes [8.1, 8.2]. The common approach exploits the extremely high affinity of biotin for avidin [8.3–8.5], which is one of the strongest receptors for biological interactions, and the relative simplicity of labelling biotin with a variety of radionuclides without affecting its biological characteristics. Although there are a few different versions of avidin biotin technology applied to antibodies, essentially the procedure always involves the first administration of an avidin antibody conjugate, and, subsequently, the administration of radiolabelled biotin for in vivo recognition of the antibody after its localization on the target tissue. Recently, a new application of the avidin biotin system has been proposed as an adjuvant of the surgical treatment of breast cancer [8.6–8.8]. This method, dubbed IART, was designed to eliminate every residue of cancerous tissue after surgical removal of the primary lesion. Except for avidin and biotin, it does not require the use of any specific antibodies or other biomolecules. Briefly, it consists of first covering the surgical bed with avidin by means of in situ injections of small portions of an avidin solution and then delayed intravenous administration of radiolabelled biotin. The same authors have already demonstrated the selective uptake of radiolabelled biotin at the surgical site using a new DOTA biotin derivative labelled with both 111 In and 90 Y [8.7, 8.8]. The nuclear properties of 90 Y (β decay with E β max = 2.2 MeV, half-life = 64.1 h) make it particularly suitable for IART to achieve a long range penetration of the β particle and a significant crossfire effect for complete ablation of the remaining malignant tissue. A major drawback of 90 Y is the absence of any photon emission that could be conveniently exploited for imaging the biodistribution of the radiolabelled biotin. Rhenium-188 is an attractive alternative to 90 Y because it decays through β emission with almost the same energy (E β max = 2.1 MeV, half-life = 17 h), but with an associated 155 keV γ emission that is well suited for imaging purposes. The scope of the present work was to develop a novel 188 Re labelled biotin conjugate with properties suitable for its use as an alternative to 90 Y DOTA biotin for the IART approach. Obviously, this is not the first study attempting to prepare 188 Re biotin derivatives, and various publications on this subject have appeared previously in the scientific literature [8.9–8.12]. However, none of these works reported convincing evidence that the chemical procedures employed were able to afford a stable 188 Re biotin conjugate in high radiochemical yield (>98%). This result is of utmost importance to avoid unnecessary and dangerous radiation burden to the patient caused by radioactivity not associated with the required chemical form. Most importantly, because 188 Re is supplied through the 121
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IAEA RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIOPHARMAC
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YTTRIUM-90 AND RHENIUM-188 RADIOPHA
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IAEA RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIOPHARMAC
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FOREWORD The IAEA helps to promote
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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..
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7.4. Discussion ...................
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CHAPTER 12. DEVELOPMENT OF 90 Sr/ 9
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGRO
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devices were designed to improve th
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etention of the antibody’s target
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Binding affinity of these derivativ
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Chapter 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN R
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A special characteristic of radioph
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β particles emitted by 90 Y. Numer
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2.3.1. Exploitation of certain meta
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2.3.3. Antibodies The high specific
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cell cultures, presents one example
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Another very promising form of radi
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destructive processes within the jo
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esearch efforts, since then. Howeve
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[2.18] HAMILTON, J.G., The metaboli
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[2.52] GOLDENBERG, D.M., et al., Mu
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Chapter 3 DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOPHARM
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FIG. 3.3. Elution efficiencies for
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FIG. 3.5. Electrodeposition of yttr
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The results of the experiments of r
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TABLE 3.3. RESULTS FOR 90 Sr/ 90 Y
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FIG. 3.11. Elution yield of a 90 Sr
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According to Fig. 3.12, there is a
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eagent (Sigma). The mean recovery o
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FIG. 3.18. Variation of RCP (%) of
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(20 and 30 min) and volume of 188 R
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FIG. 3.24. Variation of labelling y
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(c) Clodronate: 20 mg of clodronate
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Chapter 4 EVALUATION OF THE 90 Sr/
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Kamadhenu consists of five main com
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Quality control of radiolabelling w
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The electrochemical deposition of 9
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FIG. 4.5. Typical pattern of the wh
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FIG. 4.6. Elution profile from the
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FIG. 4.8. CD20 recognition in Ramos
Page 83 and 84: 4.5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE WOR
Page 85 and 86: adioiodine labelled anti-NCAM antib
Page 87 and 88: FIG. 5.1. Comparison of biodistribu
Page 89 and 90: FIG. 5.3. Three step strategy. Biot
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 5.1. THREE STEP PRETARGETING:
Page 93 and 94: 5.1.4. Therapeutic experiments with
Page 95 and 96: 5.1.4.4. Conclusion The radioiodine
Page 97 and 98: control procedure for detection of
Page 99 and 100: 6.1.3. Recovery of doped 85/89 Sr 2
Page 101 and 102: 6.2. PREPARATION AND BIOEVALUATION
Page 103 and 104: (a) (b) (c) FIG. 6.5. PD-10 column
Page 105 and 106: FIG. 6.7. SDS PAGE pattern of ritux
Page 107 and 108: FIG. 6.10. HPLC pattern of pure 90
Page 109 and 110: FIG. 6.13. Cell binding studies wit
Page 111 and 112: 6.2.1.6. Conclusion The procedure f
Page 113 and 114: FIG. 6.17. Elution profile of 90 Y
Page 115 and 116: form NADH, which, in turn, causes t
Page 117 and 118: FIG. 6.19. In vivo distribution pat
Page 119 and 120: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors of thi
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 7 DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTI
Page 123 and 124: the residual breast tissue becoming
Page 125 and 126: 7.2.5.2. Automatic procedure The la
Page 127 and 128: FIG. 7.2. RCP values of 90 Y r-BHD
Page 129 and 130: FIG. 7.3. Pyrogen test shows result
Page 131 and 132: to avidin at the 1:4 avidin:r-BHD m
Page 133: [7.9] SU, F.M., GUSTAVSON, L.M., AX
Page 137 and 138: (a) FIG. 8.1. (a) Schematic illustr
Page 139 and 140: Preliminary synthesis of the biotin
Page 141 and 142: (a) (b) FIG. 8.4. (a) PEGylated and
Page 143 and 144: TABLE 8.2. BIODISTRIBUTION IN RATS
Page 145 and 146: A specific binding to avidin was ev
Page 147 and 148: [8.13] BOSCHI, A., DUATTI, A., UCCE
Page 149 and 150: 90 Y solution obtained from a 90 Sr
Page 151 and 152: From each fraction, a ~1 g aliquot
Page 153 and 154: FIG. 9.2. Relationship between 90 S
Page 155 and 156: with 188 Re obtained from the 188 W
Page 157 and 158: 9.3.2. Labelling of DPA ale DPA ale
Page 159 and 160: FIG. 9.8. TLC radiochromatogram of
Page 161 and 162: (-) 188 Re(CO) 3 (+) (-) 99m Tc(CO)
Page 163 and 164: the HSA solution containing sodium
Page 165 and 166: TABLE 9.3. RESULTS OF 99m Tc LABELL
Page 167 and 168: 9.4.4. Yttrium-90 and 177 Lu labell
Page 169 and 170: FIG. 9.14. In vitro stability of 90
Page 171 and 172: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
Page 173 and 174: TABLE 9.8. YTTRIUM-90 CITRATE COLLO
Page 175 and 176: (a) (b) FIG. 9.17. Grain size distr
Page 177 and 178: TABLE 9.10. BIODISTRIBUTION AFTER A
Page 179 and 180: FIG. 9.19. Structure of DOTA biotin
Page 181 and 182: [9.8] WESTERA, G., GADZE, A., HORST
Page 183 and 184: Chapter 10 DEVELOPMENT, PREPARATION
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acidic pH) and the vial heated for
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10.2.2.1. Materials and methods (a)
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Using a semiquantitative method, th
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FIG. 10.3. Whole body, SPECT and ta
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TABLE 10.4. ORGAN DISTRIBUTION STUD
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was assessed by measuring the relea
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—— Biological studies: The whol
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or liver) (see Fig. 10.7). The resu
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(b) Results and discussion Healthy
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and the pellet (particles of HA lab
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FIG. 10.11. Organ distribution stud
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The procedure was as follows: —
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TABLE 10.5. INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL I
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analysed using ICP OES was within t
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suggested for separation of pure 86
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adionuclidic purity of the 90 Y sol
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FIG. 10.16. (a) Strontium-90/yttriu
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[10.5] DJOKIĆ, D.J., JANKOVIĆ, D.
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Yttrium-90 is one of the radionucli
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(a) (b) (c) The generator was prepa
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—— Development of EPC: The EPC
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FIG. 11.4. Elution curve of 90 Sr e
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11.4. YTTRIUM-90 MAbs The use of th
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FIG. 11.6. RCP measured using ITLC
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FIG. 11.9. Biodistribution of 90 Y
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11.5. YTTRIUM-90 EDTMP Bone metasta
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FIG. 11.14. Electrophoresis of 90 Y
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FIG. 11.15. Particle size distribut
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11.7. CONCLUSION During this CRP, a
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Chapter 12 DEVELOPMENT OF 90 Sr/ 90
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12.1.1.4. Acid vapour trap and radi
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12.1.8. Yttrium-90 peptide labellin
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(a) FIG. 12.3. Yttrium-90 elution p
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FIG. 12.6. HPLC of 90 Y DOTATATE. 1
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Chapter 13 BIFUNCTIONAL BISPHOSPHON
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latter requirement [13.10]. When th
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whether the organometallic core sel
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The fate of a targeted imaging prob
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FIG. 13.7. SPECT/CT images showing
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FIG. 13.9. TLC SG analyses of [ 188
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FIG. 13.11. Stability study (toward
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Ex vivo biodistribution studies at
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was in the form of either pertechne
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FIG. 13.19. Absolute uptake of 99m
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[13.2] ZHANG, S., GANGAL, G., ULUDA
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[13.31] DE ROSALES, R.T.M., et al.,
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The activity due to 90 Sr should be
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14.3.1.2. Operation of the 90 Sr/ 9
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antibody were taken, to which 90 Y
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operation, radiopharmaceutical grad
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14.4.1.3. Operation of the stage II
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A typical EPC pattern for a 90 Y pr
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FIG. 14.10. Decay curve of carrier
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FIG. 14.12. ITLC of 90 Y rituximab.
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FIG. 14.13. Reaction scheme for lab
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TABLE 14.6. STABILITY (%) OF 90 Y D
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FIG. 14.18. Microsphere albumin siz
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[14.3] PANDEY, U., DHAMI, P.S., JAG
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naphthalene and 1.2 g of 2,5-diphen
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A-2.2. Materials The method for sep
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out using a Wallac 1411 spectromete
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A-5.3. Procedure The technique was
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Although acyclic chelators offer ma
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(b) (c) and 90 Y colloids, both ser
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CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
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INDIA Allied Publishers 1 st Floor,
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A key requirement for the effective
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Yttrium-90 and Rhenium-188 Radiopharmaceuticals for Radionuclide Therapy

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