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Symfony2 – Franz Jordán 2011 Creating and using Templates As you know, the controller is responsible for handling each request that comes into a Symfony2 application. In reality, the controller delegates the most of the heavy work to other places so that code can be tested and reused. When a controller needs to generate HTML, CSS or any other content, it hands the work off to the templating engine. In this chapter, you'll learn how to write powerful templates that can be used to return content to the user, populate email bodies, and more. You'll learn shortcuts, clever ways to extend templates and how to reuse template code. Templates A template is simply a text file that can generate any text-based format (HTML, XML, CSV, LaTeX ...). The most familiar type of template is a PHP template - a text file parsed by PHP that contains a mix of text and PHP code: Welcome to Symfony!
Symfony2 – Franz Jordán 2011 Twig defines two types of special syntax: {{ ... }}: "Says something": prints a variable or the result of an expression to the template; {% ... %}: "Does something": a tag that controls the logic of the template; it is used to execute statements such as for-loops for example. There is a third syntax used for creating comments: {# this is a comment #}. This syntax can be used across multiple lines like the PHP-equivalent /* comment*/ syntax. Twig also contains filters, which modify content before being rendered. The following makes the title variable all uppercase before rendering it: {{ title | upper }} Twig comes with a long list of tags and filters that are available by default. You can even add your own extensions to Twig as needed. Registering a Twig extension is as easy as creating a new service and tagging it withtwig.extension tag. As you'll see throughout the documentation, Twig also supports functions and new functions can be easily added. For example, the following uses a standard for tag and the cycle function to print ten div tags, with alternating odd, even classes: {% for i in 0..10 %} {% endfor %} Throughout this chapter, template examples will be shown in both Twig and PHP. Why Twig? Twig templates are meant to be simple and won't process PHP tags. This is by design: the Twig template system is meant to express presentation, not program logic. The more you use Twig, the more you'll appreciate and benefit from this distinction. And of course, you'll be loved by web designers everywhere. Twig can also do things that PHP can't, such as true template inheritance (Twig templates compile down to PHP classes that inherit from each other), whitespace control, sandboxing, and the inclusion of custom functions and filters that only affect templates. Twig contains little features that make writing templates easier and more concise. Take the following example, which combines a loop with a logical if statement: {% for user in users %} {{ user.username }} {% else %} No users found {% endfor %} 69
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