YOUTH CIVIC

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YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE COMING JOBS GAP — 600 MILLION REASONS TO PROMOTE YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP Claudia Pompa INTRODUCTION In modern history, entrepreneurship has never been more important than it is at present. Societies today face complex challenges requiring strategic policies that extend beyond traditional economic solutions. Entrepreneurship and innovation can address these challenges by strengthening sustainability, creating jobs, generating economic opportunities and advancing human development. With the present concurrence of globalization, technological innovation and demographic trends, much greater attention is being focused on the role and potential impact of entrepreneurship. Persistent unemployment among young people remains a problem, and youth entrepreneurship can play an important part in facilitating economic development, structural change and job creation. Around the world, entrepreneurship and small and medium-sized enterprise creation constitute sources of sustainable economic growth, driving innovation and structural changes in the economy while contributing to job creation and increased productivity. While young people often turn to self-employment because they cannot find jobs elsewhere, entrepreneurship can provide them with valuable skills such as critical thinking, decision-making, leadership, teamwork and innovation—all of which remain relevant for the rest of their lives. In general, they gain expertise in areas not incorporated in traditional education, constructing unique careers that resonate outside the typical economic model by pulling in talent from their peers and fostering positive community development. YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRENDS While entrepreneurship is not new, the increased momentum behind its promotion and growth is indicative of unanswered needs in the global economy. It is likely that increased insecurity, diminished prospects for obtaining gainful employment, and the realization that the global economy does not have the capacity to create a sufficient number of jobs have all contributed significantly to the noticeable upsurge in the entrepreneurial aspirations of youth. Most new businesses worldwide are started by individuals between the ages of 25 and 34, and younger people in general tend to support entrepreneurship 85 Deloitte, Mind the Gaps: The 2015 Deloitte Millennial Survey— Executive Summary (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, 2015). Available from http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ global/Documents/About-Deloitte/gx-wef-2015-millennial-survey-executivesummary.pdf. 47
BOX 2.5. YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NUMBERS According to the 2013 report Generation Entrepreneur? The State of Global Youth Entrepreneurship, the number of 15- to 35-year olds who would actively consider becoming entrepreneurs varies widely. In sub-Saharan Africa, 60 per cent of young people would consider self-employment, while in Asia and the Pacific, Southern Asia and the European Union, the number drops to roughly 17 per cent. a One important factor influencing this disparity is the poverty level. In poorer regions, young people are more likely to actively pursue entrepreneurship because it often constitutes the best way to generate an income, while in richer countries, the likelihood of engaging in entrepreneurial activity depends largely on whether opportunities arise or are believed to exist, with the fear of failure weighing more heavily on the decision. The countries most affected by the global economic crisis, particularly those in the European Union, have seen a decline in the number of youth starting their own businesses, likely owing to the perceived lack of opportunities. b In the European Union, young people aged 20-30 years are far more interested in entrepreneurship than are older adults; however, only 4 per cent of 15- to 24-year olds are self-employed, compared with 15 per cent of the general population. c The youth figure is low in part because young people tend to face greater obstacles than do older adults when starting out in business. Sources: (a) Jacqui Kew and others, Generation Entrepreneur? The State of Global Youth Entrepreneurship (London, Youth Business International and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2013). Available from http://www.youthbusiness.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/ GenerationEntrepreneur.pdf (b) Ibid.; and (c) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and European Commission, Policy Brief on Youth Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Activities in Europe (Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union, 2012), p. 20. Available from http://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/ Youth%20entrepreneurship%20policy%20brief%20EN_FINAL.pdf as a good career choice. A recent Deloitte survey 85 of 7,800 youth from 29 countries indicates that 70 per cent see themselves working independently at some point. However, there are important regional differences; only 52 per cent of the respondents in developed economies expect to be self-employed, as opposed to 82 per cent in developing economies. Such findings highlight the huge potential of entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Similarly, research conducted by Youth Business International (YBI) and region. 86 The research shows that 60 per cent of the 18- to 34-year olds there believe they are able to perceive opportunities in their country and are confident in their ability to create and manage a new business. Young people constitute an incredibly diverse group, and the different approaches and business models they use are a reflection of this. In the developed economies of Asia and the Pacific, the European Union, and Southern Asia, the majority of young the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reveals that sub-Saharan Africa has a significantly higher proportion of potential entrepreneurs than any other 86 Jacqui Kew and others, Generation Entrepreneur? The State of Global Youth Entrepreneurship. 48
Page 1 and 2: YOUTH CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
Page 3 and 4: World Youth Report Published by the
Page 5 and 6: Peace Bell Ceremony to commemorate
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 10
Page 9 and 10: EXPLANATORY NOTES The terms “coun
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1 SITUATION OF YOUTH The tr
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 YOUNG PEOPLE TAKING ACTIO
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1 Introduction (chapter one
Page 19 and 20: ENGAGED CITIZENSHIP The discourse o
Page 21 and 22: Interaction theory posits that the
Page 23 and 24: social actors. It has been argued t
Page 25 and 26: eal, substantial, and significant.
Page 27 and 28: 2CHAPTER Teenagers at Instituto Rec
Page 29 and 30: 2CHAPTER Young people typically exp
Page 31 and 32: 2CHAPTER Meanwhile, developed econo
Page 33 and 34: BOX 2.3. TRAINING AND SKILLS DEVELO
Page 35 and 36: 2CHAPTER vulnerable position than t
Page 37 and 38: IN SEARCH OF BENCHMARKS FOR QUALITY
Page 39 and 40: Internships linked to educational p
Page 41 and 42: and create more detailed guidelines
Page 43 and 44: Duration. The duration of an intern
Page 45 and 46: of the global jobs crisis on young
Page 47: Lain, David, and others. Evaluating
Page 51 and 52: Of equal importance are those assoc
Page 53 and 54: need to work together to improve en
Page 55 and 56: Schoof, Ulrich, and Amina Semlali.
Page 57 and 58: LABOUR MARKET TRENDS AMONG YOUNG WO
Page 59 and 60: membership for young workers is sim
Page 61 and 62: if they are to participate fully in
Page 63 and 64: 3 CHAPTER © UN Photo/ Paulo Filgue
Page 65 and 66: 3CHAPTER With the global youth popu
Page 67 and 68: 3CHAPTER NEGATIVE ENGAGEMENT When y
Page 69 and 70: YOUTH ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION James
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 3.1. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
Page 73 and 74: FIGURE 3.2. PARTICIPATION IN ELECTO
Page 75 and 76: circumscribed political action have
Page 77 and 78: FIGURE 3.4. PARTICIPATION IN ISSUE-
Page 79 and 80: While many highly educated, relativ
Page 81 and 82: Blais, André. Political participat
Page 83 and 84: TRANSITIONS IN POWER: YOUNG PEOPLE'
Page 85 and 86: Young people in both Egypt and Tuni
Page 87 and 88: Five-Year Action Agenda. As the int
Page 89 and 90: concept remain cognizant of the his
Page 91 and 92: fraternity of believers, or of Neo-
Page 93 and 94: demagogues, gangs and violent crimi
Page 95 and 96: Address socioeconomic inequality. G
Page 97 and 98: crowdsourcing or peer production—
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and use an array of media activism
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against them. Several lampooning me
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it can pose risks to participants t
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Technologies and communities that o
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It is essential to look to the futu
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4CHAPTER
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4CHAPTER Involving youth—as colla
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4CHAPTER helping those “without
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BOX 4.2. BENEFITS OF YOUTH ENGAGEME
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CHAPTER BOX 4.3. APPROACHES TO PEAC
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4CHAPTER emotional development and
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RECONCEPTUALIZING YOUTH VOLUNTARISM
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Girl Guides. Youth volunteering pro
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young women and men. 233 Below is a
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KEY CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES So
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themselves, their families and comm
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violence—structural, 249 cultural
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• Financial and material support
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other youth to engage civically thr
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Policymakers: • Policymakers shou
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YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN SPORT FOR DE
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BOX 4.6. SPORT AND THE ENGAGEMENT O
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Provide Funding and Infrastructure.
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5CHAPTER
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5CHAPTER YOUTH POLICYMAKING: LESSON
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ECONOMIC ENGAGE
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CHALLENGE POLITICAL APATHY AND EMPO
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TRANSITIONS IN POWER OPEN CHANNELS
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Youth should be developing digital
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PEACEBUILDING DEEPEN UNDERSTANDING
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ANNEX AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Chapter On
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Perceptions and Behaviours of Young
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A volunteer paints a fresco on a wa
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YOUTH CIVIC

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