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FIGURE 4.1: LAND USE IN THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT FIGURE 4.2: COMPOSITION OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT Source: Dabrowski (CSIR) 2015 (2)
Chapter 4: Water Quality Eutrophication: excessive enrichment of nutrients is a result of phosphates entering river systems, leading to exponential growth of algae and other aquatic plants. This pushes out other species and can result in fish die-offs as available oxygen is depleted when the algal bloom decomposes. Highly polluted: the Olifants River One of South Africa’s key rivers, the Olifants River, which has its source in Mpumalanga Province and flows through Limpopo Province. Especially its upper catchment is highly polluted from mining, urbanisation and farming. Excessive nutrient levels in both the river and dams necessitate a holistic catchment approach, especially since reasonable water quality is required in Kruger Park, which lies in the lower catchment. Towards this, a hydrological catchment model called SWAT was used by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) to combine information on land use, climate, geographical and land management. The purpose was to identify the main source areas of nutrients, to quantify the nutrient levels per source and to determine how natural processes, as well as land and catchment management decisions, can influence the quantity of nutrients originating from these sources. Sewage treatment works were found to be the largest contributors to nutrient pollution in the catchment. If current nutrient effluent guidelines were adhered to, it would significantly reduce the nutrient loading in large dams in the catchment. DILUTION FACTOR It is imperative to have a high volume of clean river water in order to dilute the inflow of poor water quality. For example, the volume of water required to dilute agrochemicals is greater than the amount of water needed by crops for irrigation. To put this into perspective, irrigated agriculture is South Africa’s highest proportional water user at 62%. Source: Dabrowski et al, 2008 FIGURE 4.3: THE HEALTH OF THE OLIFANTS RIVER By focusing conservation and management efforts on the Blyde and Mohlapitse rivers, these tributaries of the Olifants River can provide crucial refuge for freshwater species, while also improving the health of the Olifants before it enters the iconic Kruger National Park. Water Facts & Futures: Rethinking South Africa’s Water Future | Page 53
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