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Chapter 5: Access to Basic Water Services
...we need to
challenge the
perception that one
model can meet the
needs of all users
THE FUTURE
Rethinking water systems
Given the enormous diversity of the socio-economic and natural
environment in South Africa, there is a need to challenge the perception
that one model can meet the needs of all users.
Robust water and sanitation service delivery for all South Africans calls for new,
decentralised approaches and stronger, accountable institutions. Appropriate
technology embedded in good governance systems can achieve this.
Many of the technologies are not new but remain effective, such as the windpump – a
longstanding feature of the South African landscape. However, a new and improved
system for water services and infrastructure does require new technology and
innovation to ensure the right systems are in place to complement new and effective
skills and management processes.
More effective and efficient use of local resources will be critical to meeting the needs
of un-serviced, remote rural communities. Rainwater harvesting, the sustainable
management of springs and the sustainable use of boreholes are all critical local
resources that, in combination, can meet the needs of rural households in addition
to providing the initial small-scale infrastructure, such as harvesting gutters
and tanks, boreholes and pumps. It is essential that local skills competence is
supported to manage and maintain these systems. When they are well managed and
looked after, these small-scale systems are sustainable in the long-term and create
local jobs.
Water filters at point of use
Local water use also requires small-scale treatment measures to ensure the water
is safe to drink, especially for young, vulnerable children, the sick and HIV positive
people. Household water filters can be used to treat local, raw water supplies. Simple,
affordable water storage and treatment options at the household and community
level have been proven to dramatically improve the quality of household water and
reduce risks of diarrhoea in all ages. There are several possible systems that use
either one of or a combination of solar, chemical and filtration treatment.
Storage and
treatment options
have been proven
to dramatically
improve the quality
of household water
and reduce risks of
diarrhoea
Each method has advantages and limitations that vary according to the context. The
most suitable household water treatment method needs to be assessed for the diverse
range of contexts in South Africa.
Research with Eastern Cape communities, for example, has shown that plastic
containers with ceramic dome candle filters are the most practical and acceptable
short-term treatment solution, until piped and treated water can be provided. Trial
runs have shown that the design is sound, but particular focus needs to be given to
appropriate training for handling and cleaning the buckets.
Local capacity for improving river health
Approximately 44% of South Africa’s rivers are critically threatened by humancreated
problems that require human-centred solutions at a local scale. Along with
the Municipal Benchmarking Initiative (described in Chapter 3), SETA courses for
local government officials can significantly assist in up-skilling people in this sector.
Courses have been designed to support workers in local municipalities, to assess
resource challenges and to start formulating their own solutions towards cleaning
and conserving the rivers in their region and ensuring access to clean, safe water.
This form of skills development supports participants to fulfill their mandated
responsibilities and is far more effective and meaningful than centrally delivered
instructions.
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68 | Water Facts & Futures: Rethinking South Africa’s Water Future