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Figure 23: Incorrect use of apostrophes - possession 1.4 1.2 1.0 Mean No. 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 G F E D C B A A* Grade 2004 2007 2014 Figure 24: Possessive apostrophes omitted 1.4 1.2 1.0 Mean No. 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 G F E D C B A A* Grade 2004 2007 2014 Figure 25: Correct apostrophes - abbreviation 1.4 1.2 1.0 Mean No. 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 G F E D C B A A* Grade 2004 2007 2014 32 | RESEARCH MATTERS – SPECIAL ISSUE 4: Aspects of Writing 1980–2014
Figure 26: Incorrect/omitted apostrophes - abbreviation 1.4 1.2 1.0 Mean No. 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 G F E D C B A A* Grade 2004 2007 2014 In 2014, higher attaining students’ correct use of apostrophes to denote abbreviation increased compared to 2004 and 2007 (Figure 25). In general, there was a tendency for lower attaining students to use fewer correct apostrophes for abbreviation than higher attaining students. Figure 26 shows a similar pattern emerging for incorrect use/omission of apostrophes to denote abbreviation – at higher levels of attainment there were fewer instances of this error than at lower levels of attainment.The amount increased for lower attaining students in 2014, although the final dip showed again that these writing samples may have featured a reduced use of punctuation generally. Other punctuation ‘Other punctuation’ is a count of punctuation not covered by previous sections, (i.e., not stops, commas or apostrophes). Generally, in 2014, use of other punctuation follows a similar trend to previous samples, although the dip at the mid-range that occurred in previously sampled years was reversed in 2014. Compared to previous studies, the 2014 data showed an increase in the use of other punctuation by higher attaining students and a decrease by lower attaining students. Figure 27: Other punctuation 1.8 1.6 1.4 Mean No. 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 G F E D C B A A* Grade 2004 2007 2014 RESEARCH MATTERS – SPECIAL ISSUE 4: Aspects of Writing 1980–2014 | 33
Page 1 and 2: Special Issue 4: Aspects of Writing
Page 3: RESEARCH MATTERS: SPECIAL ISSUE 4 V
Page 6 and 7: performance in different elements o
Page 8 and 9: examinations in English/English Lan
Page 10 and 11: As well as these writing-specific d
Page 12 and 13: More generally, these new methods o
Page 14 and 15: Figure 1:The 2014 questions QUESTIO
Page 16 and 17: The coding frames Two coding frames
Page 18 and 19: include some transposition errors (
Page 20 and 21: Table 4: Intra-rater reliability st
Page 22 and 23: Empirical comparisons Average sente
Page 24 and 25: Figure 4: Degree of vocabulary soph
Page 26 and 27: variant of the tense they chose, we
Page 28 and 29: Figure 9: Capital letters used corr
Page 30 and 31: Figure 14: Missing stops 7 6 5 Mean
Page 32 and 33: Figure 18: Correct use of commas 19
Page 36 and 37: In 2014, detailed data was collecte
Page 38 and 39: Coordination and subordination Figu
Page 40 and 41: Figure 36 shows how appropriately p
Page 42 and 43: Figure 37: Logical ordering of para
Page 44 and 45: Reader-writer relationship Craftedn
Page 46 and 47: Figure 40: How well-paced the piece
Page 48 and 49: Discussion and conclusions This stu
Page 50 and 51: References Baird, J.,Ahmed,A., Hopf
Page 52 and 53: Ofcom. (2014). Children and Parents
Page 54 and 55: Appendix A: Coding frames Aspects o
Page 56 and 57: Aspects of Writing Coding Sheet WHO
Page 58 and 59: Aspects of Writing Coding Sheets Ge
Page 60 and 61: VOCABULARY Sophistication of words
Page 62 and 63: Additional guidance and examples Pu
Page 64 and 65: Spelling • A misspelled word whic
Page 66 and 67: 2007 (A*/A continued) Females Who w
Page 68 and 69: 2014 (C continued) Males I had seen
Page 70 and 71: 2014 (E continued) Males Suddenley!
Page 72 and 73: 2014 (G continued) Males then she o
Page 74 and 75: A 2007 2014 accidently (accidentall
Page 76 and 77: C 2007 2014 a (I) abit (a bit) abso
Page 78 and 79: D 2007 abit (a bit) afterall (after
Page 80 and 81: E 2007 a (and) abit (a bit) absesed
Page 82 and 83: F 2007 2014 a (I) abit (a bit) abou
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G 2007 2014 acceliration (accelerat
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84 | RESEARCH MATTERS - SPECIAL ISS
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Cambridge Assessment 1 Hills Road C
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