- Page 2: Textbook of Pediatric Gastroenterol
- Page 5 and 6: © 2004 Taylor & Francis, an imprin
- Page 7 and 8: vi Contents 24 Indeterminate coliti
- Page 9 and 10: viii Contributors Moti M Chowdhury
- Page 11 and 12: x Contributors Frank M Ruemmele Ser
- Page 14 and 15: 1 Introduction Microvillus inclusio
- Page 16 and 17: electrolyte concentrations similar
- Page 18 and 19: direct functional consequence, in c
- Page 20 and 21: Figure 1.5 Epithelial dysplasia. Di
- Page 22 and 23: Outcome This neonatal diarrhea, whi
- Page 26 and 27: 2 Introduction Congenital problems
- Page 28 and 29: Obstructive lesions of the duodenum
- Page 30 and 31: may present in childhood rather tha
- Page 32 and 33: ization throughout the length of th
- Page 34 and 35: Treatment Management of all clinica
- Page 36 and 37: to allow distal intestinal decompre
- Page 38 and 39: majority of cases are of the Bochda
- Page 40 and 41: soon as possible following stabiliz
- Page 42 and 43: 3 Infectious esophagitis Salvatore
- Page 44 and 45: Table 3.2 Symptoms and clinical sig
- Page 46 and 47: Table 3.3 Drugs for esophageal cand
- Page 48 and 49: The drugs available for treating CM
- Page 50 and 51: involvement may occur in the settin
- Page 52 and 53: 4 Introduction Gastroesophageal ref
- Page 54 and 55: Gastric distension (gastric mechano
- Page 56 and 57: and the volume of the refluxate. A
- Page 58 and 59: Compared to adults, children report
- Page 60 and 61: elimination, cromolyn sodium or ste
- Page 62 and 63: esophagitis or GERD symptoms persis
- Page 64 and 65: significant decrease in reflux inde
- Page 66 and 67: important nocturnal breakthrough of
- Page 68 and 69: REFERENCES 1. de Caestecker J. Oeso
- Page 70 and 71: cardiorespiratory responses. Ann In
- Page 72: pump inhibitors for the practising
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62 Achalasia Five per cent of patie
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64 Achalasia The presenting symptom
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66 Achalasia Table 5.2 Normal and a
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68 Achalasia involved a laparotomy
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70 Achalasia 19. Zimmerman FH, Rose
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72 Achalasia 105. Heller E. Extramu
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74 Helicobacter pylori gastritis an
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76 Helicobacter pylori gastritis an
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78 Helicobacter pylori gastritis an
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80 Helicobacter pylori gastritis an
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82 Helicobacter pylori gastritis an
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84 Helicobacter pylori gastritis an
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86 Helicobacter pylori gastritis an
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88 Helicobacter pylori gastritis an
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90 Helicobacter pylori gastritis an
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92 Helicobacter pylori gastritis an
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7 Introduction Other gastritides Sa
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ecause the organism may not be seen
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Figure 7.1 Congested gastric mucosa
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Hemodynamic disturbances are though
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gastritis in nine of 25 children wi
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Eosinophilic gastritis Eosinophilic
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dermatitis, enteritis and hepatic d
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formally addressed. However, it is
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trasforming growth factor alpha. J
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114 HIV and the intestine Recent wo
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116 HIV and the intestine of mucin-
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118 HIV and the intestine parvum an
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120 HIV and the intestine Diagnosis
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122 HIV and the intestine especiall
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124 HIV and the intestine 35. Kotle
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126 HIV and the intestine 109. Haut
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128 Viral diarrhea Table 9.1 Etiolo
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130 Viral diarrhea Figure 9.1 Diagr
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132 Viral diarrhea (4) It alters pl
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134 Viral diarrhea Table 9.4 Main c
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136 Viral diarrhea The global illne
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138 Viral diarrhea of diarrhea usin
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140 Stool output/24 h Viral diarrhe
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142 Viral diarrhea REFERENCES 1. Ta
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144 Viral diarrhea 78. Soares CC, V
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146 Bacterial infections Figure 10.
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148 Bacterial infections Figure 10.
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150 Bacterial infections in 1896, w
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152 Bacterial infections and animal
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154 Bacterial infections a risk fac
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156 Bacterial infections started up
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158 Bacterial infections rural Bang
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11 Introduction Intestinal parasite
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adversely when the intensity of inf
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or colon. It is still unclear wheth
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esponse to the parasite, particular
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habditiform larvae (300µm long) wh
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in feces is uncommon even with heav
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nitric oxide-mediated killing of pa
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jejunal biopsies. 118 SBBO and abno
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studies based on stool parasites me
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een reported as 43% compared to 12%
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typical, often associated with feve
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Levamisole Levamisole is an immune
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modest weight gain of 0.1kg (0.04-0
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8. Tshikuka JG, Gray DK, Scott M, O
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83. Phillips AD, Thomas AG, Walker-
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albendazole, ivermectin, and diethy
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12 Post-infectious persistent diarr
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Figure 12.2 Mechanisms and effects
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Recovery Parental guidance to susta
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available. These require concerted
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13 Introduction Small-bowel bacteri
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intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndr
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The basic principle of the hydrogen
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Increment of the concentration of H
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privileged socioeconomic conditions
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When SBBO is associated with enviro
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14 Introduction Functional abdomina
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and 22 subclasses that can be diffe
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These alterations may presumably ca
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Functional bowel disorders presenti
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Table 14.3 Causes of chronic abdomi
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Celiac disease Patients with celiac
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tional bowel disorders seems to be
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Table 14.4 Drugs approved for treat
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not necessarily continue to experie
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67. Jaakkimainen RL, Boyle E, Tudiv
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15 Introduction Disorders of suckin
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swallowing and respiration is not e
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that is rhythmic and controlled to
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Table 15.3 Clinical signs and sympt
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The child’s caregivers should als
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The co-ordination of muscle activit
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REFERENCES 1. Tuchman DN. Disorders
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16 Epidemiology Constipation and en
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to decide on the clinical symptomat
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muscular (impaired contractility) a
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with constipation or non-functional
- Page 268 and 269:
further investigation. The therapy
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Figure 16.1 Outcome with and withou
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17 Introduction Hirschsprung’s di
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Hirschsprung’s disease, several g
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Figure 17.4 Rectal suction biopsy i
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cholinesterase technique has been f
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REFERENCES 1. Taviras S, Pachinis V
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18 Introduction Chronic intestinal
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Radiology and transit studies Plain
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smooth muscle cells themselves or o
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showed that there was marked thinni
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as an autosomal dominant trait. 39
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staining. In the Krishnamurthy grou
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should be used in preference to who
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19 Introduction Gastrointestinal an
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nicotinic acid and vitamin C were d
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omeprazole was used in a dose of 40
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20 Introduction Cyclic vomiting syn
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during episodes include sensory hyp
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Table 20.4 Differential diagnosis o
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and organic acid abnormalities (eth
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20.5). In the absence of positive l
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Table 20.6 Prophylactic therapy Dru
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Summary Recurrent vomiting is one o
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21 Introduction Acute and chronic p
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Etiology and pathophysiology 305 Ta
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genes that may predispose patients
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Table 21.3 Conditions other than pa
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Figure 21.4 Ultrasound demonstratin
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Figure 21.12 Computed tomography sc
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iliary drain, transduodenal explora
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Conclusion The clinician needs to h
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22 Introduction Food allergies Simo
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to elicit these symptoms increased
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dosage errors at such a time of ext
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Some infants manifest a form of foo
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(a) (b) predisposed to high IgE lev
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At endoscopy, the esophagus shows a
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not pick up some of the delayed rea
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(a) (b) lamina propria and Peyer’
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to both celiac disease and food all
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show a recognizable gastrointestina
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up-regulation of IL-5 production an
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While much of the data outlined abo
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40. Abernathy-Carver KJ, Sampson HA
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117. von Berg A, Koletzko S, Grubl
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23 Introduction Crohn’s disease Q
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Table 23.1 Putative genes for infla
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eported that the relative risk for
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Figure 23.1 Swollen lips in a child
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After 18 months of therapy, she beg
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Table 23.4 Micronutrient deficienci
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embolic complications developed in
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Findings on physical examination su
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used as an alternative, non-invasiv
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Figure 23.9 Focal granuloma (arrow)
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Table 23.7 Chemical modification an
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Table 23.10 Adverse effect of syste
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with Crohn’s disease (aged 8-17 y
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Prognosis Crohn’s disease is a ch
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59. Wallace JL. Nonsteroidal anti-i
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139. Ruemmele FM, Targan SR, Levy G
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24 Introduction Indeterminate colit
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either Crohn’s disease or ulcerat
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Table 24.4 Medical approach to the
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25 Introduction Ulcerative colitis
- Page 400 and 401:
Several authors have suggested that
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Children with ulcerative colitis ma
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Figure 25.1 Severe colitis at initi
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(a) (b) Pathology of ulcerative col
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aminotransferase (ALT) occur in 12%
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psychosocial support for the patien
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Table 25.8 Medical therapies for ul
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If the child has not responded to s
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tored for the development of these
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metric parameters. 258 Total parent
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maintain remission after chronic po
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should be taken every 10cm in all f
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55. Wallace JL. Prostaglandin biolo
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143. Dick AP, Grayson MJ, Carpenter
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218. Chey WY, Hussain A, Ryan C et
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life in pediatric inflammatory bowe
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420 Vasculitides others are predomi
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422 Vasculitides Table 26.2 Clinica
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424 Vasculitides Table 26.3 Clues f
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426 Vasculitides Table 26.5 Laborat
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428 Vasculitides ment of the major
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430 Vasculitides intestinal involve
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432 Vasculitides the patients with
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434 Vasculitides 33. Zizic TM, Clas
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436 Celiac disease disease constitu
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438 Celiac disease Clinical present
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440 Celiac disease Table 27.2 Main
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442 Celiac disease established a st
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444 Celiac disease Refractory sprue
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446 Celiac disease multicenter stud
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448 Celiac disease 9. Fasano A, Ber
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450 Celiac disease 90. Jabbari M, W
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452 Protein-losing enteropathy majo
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454 Protein-losing enteropathy When
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456 Protein-losing enteropathy Figu
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458 Protein-losing enteropathy REFE
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460 Protein-losing enteropathy 76.
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462 Short-bowel syndrome extensive
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464 Short-bowel syndrome pancreatic
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466 Short-bowel syndrome measured d
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468 Short-bowel syndrome with a pre
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470 Short-bowel syndrome insulinism
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472 Short-bowel syndrome Long-term
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474 Short-bowel syndrome Unfortunat
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476 Short-bowel syndrome 70. Grey V
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478 Short-bowel syndrome the short
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480 Lymphonodular hyperplasia (a) (
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482 Lymphonodular hyperplasia (a) (
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484 Lymphonodular hyperplasia Table
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486 Lymphonodular hyperplasia Howev
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31 Introduction Malnutrition Michae
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Table 31.2 Characteristics of the d
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equires only about 2.4% of the ener
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more closely relates to prognosis,
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(a) (b) children with up to 30% or
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physical cause, so that many of the
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equirement by about one-third and i
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volume. These abnormalities are sho
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Table 31.5 Continued Immune system
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do not contribute equally. Subcutan
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Although they also have a high intr
- Page 524 and 525:
not accounted for by resolution of
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Table 31.6 Composition of an oral r
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epidermidis, become invasive. Infec
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feeding); the patient is fasted. Th
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the record of intake and the amount
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home. As these families are the mos
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mol. Vomiting should not be treated
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526 Biotherapeutic and nutraceutica
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528 Biotherapeutic and nutraceutica
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530 Biotherapeutic and nutraceutica
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532 Biotherapeutic and nutraceutica
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534 Biotherapeutic and nutraceutica
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536 Biotherapeutic and nutraceutica
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33 Introduction Enteral nutrition O
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Table 33.1 Indications for enteral
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Thus, the usefulness of EN must be
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vomiting; they are preferentially u
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intestine, whether due to an extens
- Page 562 and 563:
Infectious complications EN tubes h
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REFERENCES 1. Sermet-Gaudelus I, Po
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78. Pietsch JB, Ford C, Whitlock JA
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34 Introduction Parenteral nutritio
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is the only way in which PN can be
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ventilated surgical neonates (gastr
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anabolism, because of adequate ener
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adapted to lipid oxidation capacity
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dren, 300mg/kg per day is usually s
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calcium is higher, severe phosphoru
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plasma or blood may be required in
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against Staphylococcus. Coagulase-n
- Page 586 and 587:
other clinical data have demonstrat
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65. Sunehag AL, Haymond MW, Schanle
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144. Coran AG, Drongowski RA. Studi
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35 Introduction Gastrointestinal pr
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(a) (b) (c) Complications Necrotizi
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Figure 35.3 An infant with a perito
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failure to thrive from calorie depr
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Table 35.4 Pharmacotherapy of gastr
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mode of inheritance is likely to be
- Page 604 and 605:
Figure 35.8 Ultrasound scan demonst
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Treatment options Surgery is indica
- Page 608 and 609:
necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediat
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muscle of the human gastrointestina
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36 Introduction Enteral nutrition i
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dietary protein energy ratio, gut i
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to increase the relative percentage
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lipases: lipoprotein lipase, bile s
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concentration of oligosaccharides i
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Table 36.4 Recommended enteral micr
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the neonatal nursery, particularly
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affect feeding tolerance in prematu
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failure. Small-for-gestational-age
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41. Kashyap S, Heird WC. Protein re
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37 Introduction Parenteral nutritio
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growth without metabolic stress in
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glycemia and glycosuria increase wi
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cantly. 32,33 Nitrogen amino acid c
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Table 37.2 Continued through the pl
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urated fatty acids (PUFAs) (contain
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selenium, molybdenum, chromium, man
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een suggested that hepatic dysfunct
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ing to fluid requirement and natriu
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30. Thureen PJ, Melara D, Fennessey
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38 Introduction Approach to gastroi
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parents: it is strongly recommended
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gus and the stomach, or the stomach
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In Henoch-Schönlein purpura, gastr
- Page 660 and 661:
even aggressive and invasive endosc
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Portal hypertension Esophageal vari
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Sclerotherapy is used in extrahepat
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59. Yoshioka K, Yagi K, Moriguchi N
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39 Introduction Approach to the chi
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Table 39.1 Etiological agents of ac
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Estimation of dehydration Assessmen
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with oral rehydration therapy were
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Amylase resistant starch oral rehyd
- Page 678 and 679:
systematic review of 13 randomized
- Page 680 and 681:
Table 39.6 Continued Pathogen Recom
- Page 682 and 683:
Micronutrients (zinc, folic acid) Z
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54. Choi SW, Park CH, Silva TM et a
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134. Schwartz RH, Rodriquez WJ. Tox
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hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Pediat
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678 Approach to the child with acut
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680 Approach to the child with acut
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682 Approach to the child with acut
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684 Approach to the child with acut
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686 Approach to the child with acut
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688 Approach to the child with acut
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41 Introduction Management of inges
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Symptomatic endoscopy and • FB tr
- Page 708 and 709:
increased risk for foreign body ent
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Esophageal extraction with a Foley
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8. Olives JP. Ingested foreign bodi
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42 Introduction Medical aspects of
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with neonatal onset of severe water
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Liver-induced immune tolerance It i
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dence increases with the degree of
- Page 722 and 723:
once intestinal motility occurs, ge
- Page 724 and 725:
However, intestinal transplantation
- Page 726 and 727:
ital disease of the intestinal muco
- Page 728 and 729:
39. Rudolph CD, Hyman PE, Altschule
- Page 730:
119. Sigalet DL, Williams DC, Garol
- Page 733 and 734:
720 Intussusception Etiopathology P
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722 Intussusception descriptions of
- Page 737 and 738:
724 Intussusception Figure 43.4 Dia
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726 Intussusception We currently pr
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728 Intussusception 36. Wang GD, Li
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730 Meckel’s diverticulum Figure
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732 Meckel’s diverticulum (a) (b)
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734 Meckel’s diverticulum Figure
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736 Meckel’s diverticulum Figure
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738 Meckel’s diverticulum REFEREN
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740 Acute appendicitis (about 75% o
- Page 755 and 756:
742 Acute appendicitis counts, give
- Page 757 and 758:
744 Acute appendicitis useful for d
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746 Acute appendicitis acute append
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748 Acute appendicitis After surger
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46 Introduction Vascular lesions of
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findings and case history. Neverthe
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Capillary malformations Capillary m
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to this approach, such lesions are
- Page 772 and 773:
vascular abnormalities to affect th
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47 Introduction The role of minimal
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Figure 47.1 Laparoscopic Nissen fun
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(a) (b) technical standpoint, a min
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automatic and single reloadable sta
- Page 782:
13. Richards WO, Houston HL, Torqua
- Page 785 and 786:
772 Polyps and other tumors of the
- Page 787 and 788:
774 Polyps and other tumors of the
- Page 789 and 790:
776 Polyps and other tumors of the
- Page 791 and 792:
778 Polyps and other tumors of the
- Page 793 and 794:
780 Polyps and other tumors of the
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782 Polyps and other tumors of the
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784 Polyps and other tumors of the
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786 Polyps and other tumors of the
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788 Index diarrhea 665, 666-667 Cam
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790 Index ulcerative colitis 390-39
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792 Index reduction in malnutrition
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794 Index pathophysiology 40-43, 58
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796 Index impedancometry 48 indeter
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798 Index malnutrition 489-523 clas
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800 Index body temperature 569 bone
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802 Index Shiga-like toxins (SLT) 1
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804 Index hypoganglionosis 278-279