HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

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Being and Becoming were the problems of ancient philosophy at its beginning : the conceptions with which it closes are God and the human race.
PART III. THE <strong>PHILOSOPHY</strong> <strong>OF</strong> THE MIDDLE AGES. Rousselot, tftudes sur la Philosophic du Moyen Age. Paris, 1840-42. B. Haurfiau, De la Philosophic Scholastique. Paris, 1850. B. llaurfiau, Histoire de la Philosophic Scholastique. Paris, 1872-80. A. Stockl, Geschichte der Philosophic des Mitte.lalters. Mainz, 1864-66. WHEN the migration of the peoples broke in devastation over the Roman Empire, and the latter lacked the political strength to defend itself against the northern barbarians, scientific civilisation, also, was in danger of becoming completely crushed out; for the tribes to whom the sceptre now passed brought still less mind and understanding for the finely elaborated structures of philosophy than for the light forms of Grecian art. And, withal, ancient civ ilisation was in itself so disintegrated, its vital force was so broken, that it seemed incapable of taking the rude victors into its school. Thus the conquests of the Greek spirit would have been given over to destruction beyond hope of rescue, if in the midst of the breaking down of the old world, a new spiritual power had not grown strong, to which the sons of the North bowed, and which, with firm hand, knew how to rescue for the future the goods of civilisation, and preserve them during the centuries of subversion. This power was the Christian Church. What the State could not do, what art and science could not achieve, religion accomplished. Inaccessible still for the fine workings of aesthetic imagination and abstract thought, the Germans were laid hold of in their deepest feelings by the preaching of the gospel, which worked upon them with all the power of its grand simplicity. Only from this point of religious excitation, therefore, could the process of the appropriation of ancient science by the peoples of the Europe of to-day begin ; only at the hand of the Church could the new world enter the school of the old. The natural conse quence, however, of this relation was, that at first only that portion of the intellectual content of ancient civilisation remained alive 264 Mediaeval Philosophy. [PART III. which had been taken up into the doctrine of the Christian Church, and that the teaching authority rigidly excluded all else, and espe
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TRANSLATOR S PREFACE. REGARDED simp
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haps by "cosmic processes." In the
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various lines of thought, out of wh
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xii Author s Preface. topic and ano
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xiv Contents. CHAPTER II. THE RELIG
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HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY. INTRODUCTION
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1 A conception which it is well kno
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and of society. In this position of
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2 As for Chr. Wolf ; cf. his Logica
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With the advent of the larger relat
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German philosophy. Compared with th
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history of philosophy as a genuine
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matic order in which these same cat
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arranges the philosophical doctrine
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tioned by their ethical and aesthet
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literary tradition has become so we
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W. S. Hough, Loud, and N.Y., 1890].
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2 This applies in every domain of h
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ent. In the Middle Ages, and still
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also those which relate to art and
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PART I. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE GREEK
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lated the formation of so many spec
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is made to begin a new period, or i
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the great elementary phenomena, to
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flourished in what was then the Ion
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But traces of Atomism are to be rec
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32 The Greeks : Cosmological Period
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Later accounts give us to understan
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While here a predominantly theologi
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and logical order in the world appe
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fection of the first had become cle
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powers set over against them ; but
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arranging the movements according t
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to the origin of motion as a matter
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of the problem more abstract than t
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find the ultimate ground of this or
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the original form corresponds, and
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contrary movements is effected, the
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What hindered the first two from re
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The teleological point of view take
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56 The Greeks : Cosmological Period
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doubtless connected with the separa
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with its restless change of individ
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the result that this requirement co
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sunlight discloses in the air to be
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e sure, only if there is besides, i
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CHAPTER II. THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PER
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elation to .Pythagoreanism, especia
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the Sophists made themselves the mo
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CHAP. 2.] The Anthropological Perio
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of Thebes may also be mentioned. La
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1 A typical example of this is the
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2. If personal interest is therefor
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6 As is shown by the condemnation o
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so fully in his own life, as that o
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In. this a fundamental difference b
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SalfjMviov, 8. The essential thing
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If, namely, virtue is to make happy
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the only thing to be considered, it
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and pain which would in future resu
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different titles of this work, the
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conceptions that are in themselves
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inner organic motion advances to me
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qualitative to the quantitative was
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that is to serve as knowledge for a
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him to bring to definite expression
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CHAPTER III. THE SYSTEMATIC PERIOD.
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from the attempt to reconcile these
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was delivered as prisoner of war to
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possession of the academic grove an
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the Rhetoric, by Welldon (Lond. and
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geneous, absolute and abiding. For
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108 The Greeks : Systematic Period.
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points of attack for immanent criti
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phenomenal reality. With this the s
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the qualities perceived by special
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C HAP. ;5, lo.] System of Materiali
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The Platonic dialogues show the phi
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ethical knowledge, cognised through
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already known. These logical operat
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1 Phcedo, 100 D. 2 Arist. Met. I. 9
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fell with its postulate, yet it was
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Aristippus, which would fain regard
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((Tw(j>poa-vvrj} , that becomes
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2 Page 246 ff. The doctrine there c
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If, then, it is desired to form a t
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12. The Aristotelian Logic. The bre
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1 Principally in Met. I. 9, and XII
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logic even to this day, are the fol
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explaining are forbidden by the nat
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from the higher by adding a new mar
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With this transformation of the doc
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grammatical observations co-operate
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144 The Greeks : Systematic Period.
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1 The exposition of this course of
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from them a purposive, rational inf
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But the psychical life itself is al
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Apollonia, Democritus, and Plato ha
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of the community as its highest goa
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are the highest, and those which br
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156 Hellenistic- Roman Philosophy.
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the special task of that wisdom for
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CHAPTER I. THE ETHICAL PERIOD. THE
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1 Cicero in his philosophical dialo
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mentioned ; Aristarchus and Eratost
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custom for the young Romans of supe
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CHAP. 1, 14.] Ideal of the Saye : J
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On the same ground, Epicurus prized
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ease of the soul ; they are perturb
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170 Hellenistic-Roman Thought : Eth
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appears as harmony with Nature, and
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of the ethical values of human will
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And as is the case for their origin
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than as produced from one principle
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alive and in a state of flux. In th
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this principle as a transcendent, s
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poseful determination of the whole,
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egarded the prime constituents of r
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Lastly, the Democritic principle of
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8 A similar materialising of the Pl
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poet of this school depicts in grot
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16. The Freedom of the Will and the
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With Aristotle, who separated himse
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or ruling faculty of man, is determ
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tion of this universe ; and convers
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CHAP. 1, 17.] Criteria of Truth: Pe
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Stoics made much account, more that
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y the relatively strong position wh
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Since the essential nature of thing
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perceptions (to which they scarcely
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of phenomena (aS^Aov), and on the o
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1 Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. Hyp. I. 180 ff.
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If thus the Stoics understood by th
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CHAPTER II. THE RELIGIOUS PERIOD. J
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This religious movement proved its
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Not without influence from this sch
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Syrian Neo-Platonism, transformed i
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Arius Didymus, Thrasyllus, the edit
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whose treatise n/>6s"E\\77i>a
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Ueber den Kaiser J. und sein Zeital
Page 284 and 285: ture. Their authors, who, perhaps,
Page 286 and 287: 222 Hellenistic-Roman Thought : Rel
Page 288 and 289: calls the revelation which is exten
Page 290 and 291: above reason, but also in a certain
Page 292 and 293: CHAP. 2, 18.] Authority and Revelat
Page 294 and 295: appear as lower and preparatory for
Page 296 and 297: Epictetus calls reason and body the
Page 298 and 299: Siebeck, Gescli. d. toych. I. b 302
Page 300 and 301: and while they still remain for hum
Page 302 and 303: CHAP. 2, 20.] God and the World. 23
Page 304 and 305: 1 Stratonism as a transformation of
Page 306 and 307: patristic theology, and just by thi
Page 308 and 309: of peace and strife, stand here opp
Page 310 and 311: an archangel. This s\im-total of th
Page 312 and 313: Hence where the Gnostics sought to
Page 314 and 315: own essence or itself entering into
Page 316 and 317: CHAI>. a, 20.] God and the World
Page 318 and 319: essentially according to its ethica
Page 320 and 321: soul to God, since it must traverse
Page 322 and 323: of conceding to the finite personal
Page 324 and 325: too strong in him to allow him to r
Page 326 and 327: the question, which proceeded from
Page 328 and 329: eternal spiritual world, which he r
Page 330 and 331: 1854). Same author. Das Evangdium M
Page 332 and 333: more general principle of a histori
Page 336 and 337: cially that which was opposed to he
Page 338 and 339: Middle Ages, given and regarded as
Page 340 and 341: theoretical investigation. From thi
Page 342 and 343: separation of theology and philosop
Page 344 and 345: mainly directed toward learning and
Page 346 and 347: mind, but also dangerous to the int
Page 348 and 349: among which those of chief importan
Page 350 and 351: of Pseudo-Boethius, he wrote the De
Page 352 and 353: ciple of the immediate certainty of
Page 354 and 355: 2. But from this first certainty Au
Page 356 and 357: 280 MedicBval Philosophy : First Pe
Page 358 and 359: the same play as in the case of its
Page 360 and 361: lute certainty of the individual mi
Page 362 and 363: the course of the history of salvat
Page 364 and 365: y the highest truth, as a will-less
Page 366 and 367: the Greeks, they possessed a wealth
Page 368 and 369: the world. The process of unfolding
Page 370 and 371: fore, also that of an absolute perf
Page 372 and 373: of being proved from its conception
Page 374 and 375: 296 Mediceval Philosophy : First Pe
Page 376 and 377: existence of the concepts (the Plat
Page 378 and 379: concepts and predicates acquired by
Page 380 and 381: 2 A. Harnack, Dogmengeschichte, III
Page 382 and 383: ecame the seat of the Platonism tha
Page 384 and 385:
It is, therefore, a very noteworthy
Page 386 and 387:
ination (imaginatio) in all kinds o
Page 388 and 389:
their injury. He is the precursor o
Page 390 and 391:
CHAPTER II. SECOND PERIOD. (AFTER A
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energetically the opposite elements
Page 394 and 395:
Gospel" of Joachim Floris was also
Page 396 and 397:
Richard of Middletown (R. de Mediav
Page 398 and 399:
The attempt at a purely rational ex
Page 400 and 401:
eceived with sympathy on account of
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we meet Avicebron (Ibn Gebirol, a S
Page 404 and 405:
entire patristic thought, between a
Page 406 and 407:
on such important points as the que
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ased their mystical doctrine precis
Page 410 and 411:
the world, which even Thomism did n
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achievement of mediaeval philosophy
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26. The Primacy of the Will or of t
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the supremus motor of the psychical
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832 Mediceval Philosophy : Second P
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that is temporal, is for him the go
Page 422 and 423:
The ideal existence of all that is
Page 424 and 425:
CHAP. 2, 27.] Problem of Individual
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(natura naturata). This doctrine wi
Page 428 and 429:
with this doctrine. Albert and Thom
Page 430 and 431:
depths of this stream of developmen
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344 Mediaeval Philosophy : Second P
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of the infinite and the finite. All
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ual with and in the universal. At t
Page 438 and 439:
civilisation by the side of that of
Page 440 and 441:
Just as at the beginnings of Greek
Page 442 and 443:
CHAPTER I. THE HUMANISTIC PERIOD. J
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traditions which united in it (cf.
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Joest Lips (1547-1606), Manuductio
Page 448 and 449:
1576 ; De Vita Propria, De Varietat
Page 450 and 451:
Humanism and natural philosophy att
Page 452 and 453:
tality, but Averroism believed that
Page 454 and 455:
and then to apply this correctly to
Page 456 and 457:
CHAP. 1, 28.] Warring Traditions :
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came in, and while Luther had passi
Page 460 and 461:
The classical portrayal of this tem
Page 462 and 463:
odicy ; the world is perfect becaus
Page 464 and 465:
knowledge at this period, and moreo
Page 466 and 467:
ecame thus alive in the midst of Ne
Page 468 and 469:
these elements of the Stoic and Neo
Page 470 and 471:
over immediately into the cosmogoni
Page 472 and 473:
the fashion of the ancient Ionics.
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CHAP. 2.] Natural Science Period. 3
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Uen6 Descartes (Cartesius), born 15
Page 478 and 479:
nity of Portuguese Jews, and later
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Naturae Disquisitio Philosophica, L
Page 482 and 483:
Quite similar is the case with the
Page 484 and 485:
The Eewu*t&icek*m\hral Science Peri
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desired to understand the order of
Page 488 and 489:
corrected by mathematics, and the s
Page 490 and 491:
tained in none of my activities exc
Page 492 and 493:
ness or intuitive evidence of the "
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tion follow arbitrarily (without ra
Page 496 and 497:
tesian philosophy " more geometrico
Page 498 and 499:
tions and demonstrations that the C
Page 500 and 501:
31. Substance and Causality. The re
Page 502 and 503:
But with the spirits, teleology, al
Page 504 and 505:
schools of France and the Netherlan
Page 506 and 507:
8 Desc. CEuv. (C.), X. pp. 181 ff.
Page 508 and 509:
his metaphysical doctrine in its pr
Page 510 and 511:
The ultimate ground of this positio
Page 512 and 513:
modes are the particular space-form
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ents. It is all the more characteri
Page 516 and 517:
consistency for Hobbes and for Spin
Page 518 and 519:
inquiry must here be made for the p
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2 Kinship and opposition apply also
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tion, "as from the definition of a
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10. The conclusion of this movement
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extension is phenomenon. Leibniz se
Page 528 and 529:
epresenting this content, and Leibn
Page 530 and 531:
This relation of mechanism to teleo
Page 532 and 533:
CHAI>. 2, 32.] Natural Right : M
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main features an imitation of the i
Page 536 and 537:
4. In spite of all that is fantasti
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found in the character of the impul
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decisive where the Jesuits maintain
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the 17th Cent. (Lond. 1872). 436 Th
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438 Philosophy of the Enlightenment
Page 546 and 547:
Leibnizian philosophy and the great
Page 548 and 549:
Samuel Clarke (1075-1729; A Demonst
Page 550 and 551:
du Chatelet in Cirey, his visit wit
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turous life, which toward the end w
Page 554 and 555:
1754. He treated the entire compass
Page 556 and 557:
Empirical psychology was represente
Page 558 and 559:
CHAPTER I. THE THEORETICAL QUESTION
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CHAP. 1, 33.] Innate Ideas : Cambri
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their connection has been already a
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over and away from all deeper probl
Page 566 and 567:
454 The Enlightenment : Theoretical
Page 568 and 569:
former seemed to him completely app
Page 570 and 571:
more or less valuable deductions. T
Page 572 and 573:
mining personalities. This convicti
Page 574 and 575:
accordance with the Cartesian model
Page 576 and 577:
of the unconscious to conscious, of
Page 578 and 579:
ing of the Human Soul." Under the p
Page 580 and 581:
accordingly, " subjective necessiti
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minute particles streaming out from
Page 584 and 585:
while, according to this view, all
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from analogy are interpreted to ind
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tions between contents of ideas, an
Page 590 and 591:
of this inner necessity with which
Page 592 and 593:
6. Hume s contemporaries characteri
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Mendelssohn it would refrain from a
Page 596 and 597:
of gravitation lives in itself was
Page 598 and 599:
fully instructive and systematicall
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from the beginning the universe, an
Page 602 and 603:
urged iu his treatment of the princ
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2 This doctrine, presented with an
Page 606 and 607:
theoretical, and also in that of pr
Page 608 and 609:
assist their machines afterwards, a
Page 610 and 611:
ception of God as truly as does his
Page 612 and 613:
6. While the foundations of Deism b
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496 The Enlightenment : Theoretical
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there lay the incitements to the fo
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CHAPTER II. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS. TH
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502 The Enlightenment : Practical Q
Page 622 and 623:
inmost nature of reality which has
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ascribed to the ethical convictions
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much as is necessary for man s happ
Page 628 and 629:
CHAP. 2, 36.] Principles of Morals
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ment of man s sensuous disposition
Page 632 and 633:
Kant. The former substituted for se
Page 634 and 635:
eing determined originally and in h
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too, Prussia s philosophical king F
Page 638 and 639:
sympathy, the judgment which the in
Page 640 and 641:
individuals in their relation to ea
Page 642 and 643:
of the existing conditions wherever
Page 644 and 645:
the depth of society, the question
Page 646 and 647:
he becomes more and more discontent
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in an education which sought to dev
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ever-maturer realisation of the gen
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530 The German Philosophy. [PART VI
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CHAPTER I. THE CRITIQUE OF REASON.
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tion to the Critique in the followi
Page 658 and 659:
works show the laboriousness of his
Page 660 and 661:
Principles of Politics, including t
Page 662 and 663:
products of the mechanism of associ
Page 664 and 665:
since they relate to an object whic
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Democritus and Galileo ; but he dif
Page 668 and 669:
lytic relations of formal logic thi
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transcendental philosophy, converse
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of us men, only the sensuous percep
Page 674 and 675:
aid of which alone the former produ
Page 676 and 677:
phenomena. Most characteristic by f
Page 678 and 679:
552 German Philosophy : Kant s Crit
Page 680 and 681:
everence for himself, and in his in
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freedom is the only explanation of
Page 684 and 685:
vicarious love, and the mystery of
Page 686 and 687:
good condition of the human race, n
Page 688 and 689:
Sublime. 2. But the problem widens
Page 690 and 691:
judgment. The hedonic feelings all
Page 692 and 693:
same through the relation of the id
Page 694 and 695:
566 G-erman Philosophy : KanCs Crit
Page 696 and 697:
CHAPTER II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF IDEA
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and Schopenhauer, in so far, that i
Page 700 and 701:
CHAI. ] Development of Idealism. 57
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Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermach
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had been given to the principles of
Page 706 and 707:
gance of feeling, which manifests i
Page 708 and 709:
2 Herder, Metakritik, 14, 111. Work
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ness of consciousness. Consciousnes
Page 712 and 713:
are only two paths. Experience is a
Page 714 and 715:
1 Cf. also Schilling s youthful opu
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"Understanding" produces the world
Page 718 and 719:
simple and unchangeable determinati
Page 720 and 721:
their original strength, so that if
Page 722 and 723:
elongs to the pure perceptions. Bou
Page 724 and 725:
42. The System of Reason. The direc
Page 726 and 727:
intuition, and a form of its own in
Page 728 and 729:
cally. What Hamann and Herder (cf.
Page 730 and 731:
At the same time, the Kantian rigou
Page 732 and 733:
of Nature in which alone the practi
Page 734 and 735:
whether one species has arisen from
Page 736 and 737:
point that the aesthetic process is
Page 738 and 739:
as the mighty personality, who pres
Page 740 and 741:
tems of the moral life, while for h
Page 742 and 743:
In this age the universal conscious
Page 744 and 745:
poetry. These lectures, not printed
Page 746 and 747:
eligion over all spheres of life, w
Page 748 and 749:
empty substance again to spirit, 2
Page 750 and 751:
aesthetic ideals of mankind. Follow
Page 752 and 753:
Hence the categories progress from
Page 754 and 755:
philosophical knowledge can indeed
Page 756 and 757:
Under such influences Schelling als
Page 758 and 759:
ment of God himself. 4. Irrationali
Page 760 and 761:
have only the success of a meteor t
Page 762 and 763:
N.Y. 1891.] [L. Stephen, The Englis
Page 764 and 765:
sented in the most manifold combina
Page 766 and 767:
the eighteenth century, temporarily
Page 768 and 769:
dustrial, 1821 f. ; Nouveau Christi
Page 770 and 771:
The horizons of English thought wer
Page 772 and 773:
< )f more recent writers, J. Roy
Page 774 and 775:
cf. their common programme in Vol.
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1878). The following from the Catho
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and separation of psychology from p
Page 780 and 781:
Svyiss embassador Stapfer, a promin
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ledge. He, too, conceives of the so
Page 784 and 785:
question is one of the least import
Page 786 and 787:
tion and its evil consequences, aft
Page 788 and 789:
where Kant s doctrine was given an
Page 790 and 791:
44.] Controversy over the Houl : Fe
Page 792 and 793:
like that which Schopenhauer ascrib
Page 794 and 795:
1. The first form in which the stru
Page 796 and 797:
and autonomy in the conduct of life
Page 798 and 799:
fact, and the first social phenomen
Page 800 and 801:
1 " Love for the principle, order f
Page 802 and 803:
to each other, but which in truth r
Page 804 and 805:
tion. For the evolutionary theory o
Page 806 and 807:
a condition of equilibrium has been
Page 808 and 809:
is the inevitable consequence of th
Page 810 and 811:
morals is a struggle of values or "
Page 812 and 813:
as poetry." But Bentham s own activ
Page 814 and 815:
greater significance for our presen
Page 816 and 817:
The employment by Spencer of the pr
Page 818 and 819:
approach hedonism, but whereas hedo
Page 820 and 821:
must be found in what is given ; th
Page 822 and 823:
whose ripest meaning is the insight
Page 824 and 825:
or alien will. For in truth there i
Page 826 and 827:
The two factors of the inner antago
Page 828 and 829:
and in conviction, the important th
Page 830 and 831:
its own problem in those values of
Page 832 and 833:
A. Fairbanks, The First Philosopher
Page 834 and 835:
In comparison with the high flight
Page 836 and 837:
Cf. E. Pappenheim (Berlin. 1?74 L.
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- - - i__ . :. _i : .: . . - :- .:
Page 840 and 841:
direction. Now, infinitude had beco
Page 842 and 843:
P. 317. Add to third par. : Cf. T.
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(Arch.f. Gesch. d. Philos., V., Vl,
Page 846 and 847:
P. 441. To the notice of Shaftesbur
Page 848 and 849:
[The conception of " sympathy " in
Page 850 and 851:
[J. G. Schurmann in Philos. Review,
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187(5; C. Frantz, Sc.h. s positive
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P. 586. Note 3. Line 7. Insert : Th
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Actual vs. the potential, 140, 144,
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dXXolbxm and irepi^opd as kinds of
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trine of, 587. A priori, Leibniz s
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of individuals, 676. Assent, as cha
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Babeuf, 523. Bacon, Francis, 379 ;
Page 866 and 867:
Eleatic conception of, in Herbart,
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Bouterwek, 573, 587, 635. Bowne, 63
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ling, 598 ; Hegel s doctrine of, 61
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Thomas, Dante, Occam, 326-328 ; at
Page 874 and 875:
Conceptualism, 272 ; of Abelard, 29
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Grantor, 103, 164. Crates of Athens
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tinus, 254 ; Gnostics, 257 ff. Demo
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Dio Chrysostomos, 686 (163). Diodor
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Education, in Plato s Republic, 127
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Epictetus, 213, 216, 230. Epicurus
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and Wolff, 505 ff. ; sesthetic of S
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Fechner, 632, 644 f. Feder, 446. Fe
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Franck, Seb., 356, 365, 368. Franck
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Geometry and geometrical method (se
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est good = perfection with Leibniz,
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515 ; of Bentham, 662-664 ; criti c
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Hickok, 630. Hierocles, 218. Hildeb
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eligion, 494 f. ; "Natural History
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Imitation, as essence of art, 153 1
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tionary explanation of, 658 f. Inte
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Julian, 218. Jung, 381, 397. Jus na
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Labanca, 631. Labriola, 631. Labruy
Page 910 and 911:
Lewis, 629. Liberatore, 631. Liebma
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Mackenzie. 630. Mackintosh, 629. Ma
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identified with space by Descartes
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of Hobbes, 389 ; Descartes method m
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asis of feelings with Cyrenaics, 86
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view, 597, 599 ; as realm of the co
Page 922 and 923:
Locke, and Hobbes, 403 f. ; on Lock
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566 ; as God, with Fichte, 595. Ord
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conian doctrine, with Cornenius and
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227, 231, 237, 240 ff., 290, 319, 6
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Utopia, 428 f . ; on Bacon s New At
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Power, with Aristotle, 140 ; Locke,
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Leibniz, 462-464 ; new division of
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Reals, of Herbart, 584 f. Reason, a
Page 938 and 939:
Revelation, as tradition or ecstasy
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Rage, 632, 640. Saadjah Fajjumi, 31
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Science, as equivalent to philosoph
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449 ; of the Enlightenment, 439, 44
Page 946 and 947:
lower by Plotinus, 240 ; unity of,
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French, 627, 636. Spiritualisation,
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tesian dualism of, 404 ff. ; God as
Page 952 and 953:
Taste, sesthetic and ethical princi
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of, modified by Maimon, 578 ; re pl
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Realism, 295 ; above reason, 321. T
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phy of law, 522 ; in nineteenth cen
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Virtue, ambiguity of the term, 78 ;
Page 962 and 963:
William of Champeaux, 272, 274, 294
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Xenophanes, 28, 30, 34 ff., 46, 146
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Bohn Library. $1.50, net. The Probl
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is no substitute." Antimer Review.
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$1.50 nft. Prolegomena and Metaphys
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edge. English translation by BOSANQ
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SCHLEG of On th by SCHOPE1 Re; Lib
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