HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

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Mackenzie. 630. Mackintosh, 629. Macrocosm and microcosm, 187, 366 ff. 422 f. Magnenus, 355. Maieutic, 97. Maignanus, 355. Maimon, 570, 578, 696 (570). Maimonides, 318 f., 321. Mainlander, 633. Maistre, Jos. de, 627, 648. Malebranche, 379, 381, 405, 407, 410, 416 f., 435, 471, 486, 636, 661 note. Mamiani, 631. Man, identified with animal world, 52 f . , 453 f . , 455 f . ; as measure, 92 ; as centre of creation and end of history, 261 ; as microcosm, 347, 369 ff. ; reverence for, Kant s ma terial principle, 553 ; as object of religious veneration, Comte, 652 f. ; capacity for perfection, 525, 672. Mandevillo, 441, 515 f., 524 f. Mani and Manichseism, 239 f., 286. Mansi-1, H29, 638. Marcianus Capclla, 273, 296. Marcion, 221. 2->.
Marcus Aurelius, 213, 216, 230. Mariana, 382. Marsh, (>:!(). Marsilius of Inghen, 315. Marsilius of Padua, 345, 426, 432. Martin, 627. Martincau. II.. 629. Martineau, .las., 630. Marx, (i32. 655. Materialism, of Leucippus, 43 ; of iVmoiTitiis, 108, 109 ff. ; of Epicu reans, 183-186; of Stoics, 186; of Hobbes, 413 ; of Spinoza s adherents, 454 ; of Hartley, etc., 455 f.; French, 456-458, 479 ff . ; culminates in the Systeme de la Nature, 481 ; in psy chology of nineteenth century, 634 ; of Feuerbach, 641, 655 ; moral, 671 ; recent, 642 f.; as philos. of history, 655. Mathematics, with Pythagoreans, 45- 47, 56 f.; in Plato s system, 129 ; in fluence on modern philos., 372 f., 379, 387-389, 395-399 ; on Spinoza, 396, 418; on Comte, 651, 653; distin guished from philos. by Kant, 485 ; the sole demonstrative science with Hume, 473 ; how possible, 539 ff. ; see also Geometrical Method. Matter, cosmic, of Ionics, 32 ; Anaxi- mander, 33 ; opposed to form by Aristotle, 139 ff. ; accessory cause, 144 ; Non-being or space with Plo- tinus, 246 f.; evil, 247 ; regarded as self-moved, etc., by Averroes, 338;
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http://www.archive.org/stream/winde
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TRANSLATOR S PREFACE. REGARDED simp
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haps by "cosmic processes." In the
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various lines of thought, out of wh
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xii Author s Preface. topic and ano
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xiv Contents. CHAPTER II. THE RELIG
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HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY. INTRODUCTION
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1 A conception which it is well kno
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and of society. In this position of
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2 As for Chr. Wolf ; cf. his Logica
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With the advent of the larger relat
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German philosophy. Compared with th
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history of philosophy as a genuine
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matic order in which these same cat
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arranges the philosophical doctrine
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tioned by their ethical and aesthet
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literary tradition has become so we
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W. S. Hough, Loud, and N.Y., 1890].
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2 This applies in every domain of h
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ent. In the Middle Ages, and still
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also those which relate to art and
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PART I. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE GREEK
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lated the formation of so many spec
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is made to begin a new period, or i
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the great elementary phenomena, to
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flourished in what was then the Ion
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But traces of Atomism are to be rec
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32 The Greeks : Cosmological Period
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Later accounts give us to understan
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While here a predominantly theologi
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and logical order in the world appe
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fection of the first had become cle
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powers set over against them ; but
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arranging the movements according t
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to the origin of motion as a matter
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of the problem more abstract than t
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find the ultimate ground of this or
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the original form corresponds, and
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contrary movements is effected, the
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What hindered the first two from re
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The teleological point of view take
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56 The Greeks : Cosmological Period
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doubtless connected with the separa
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with its restless change of individ
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the result that this requirement co
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sunlight discloses in the air to be
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e sure, only if there is besides, i
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CHAPTER II. THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PER
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elation to .Pythagoreanism, especia
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the Sophists made themselves the mo
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CHAP. 2.] The Anthropological Perio
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of Thebes may also be mentioned. La
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1 A typical example of this is the
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2. If personal interest is therefor
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6 As is shown by the condemnation o
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so fully in his own life, as that o
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In. this a fundamental difference b
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SalfjMviov, 8. The essential thing
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If, namely, virtue is to make happy
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the only thing to be considered, it
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and pain which would in future resu
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different titles of this work, the
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conceptions that are in themselves
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inner organic motion advances to me
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qualitative to the quantitative was
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that is to serve as knowledge for a
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him to bring to definite expression
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CHAPTER III. THE SYSTEMATIC PERIOD.
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from the attempt to reconcile these
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was delivered as prisoner of war to
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possession of the academic grove an
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the Rhetoric, by Welldon (Lond. and
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geneous, absolute and abiding. For
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108 The Greeks : Systematic Period.
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points of attack for immanent criti
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phenomenal reality. With this the s
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the qualities perceived by special
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C HAP. ;5, lo.] System of Materiali
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The Platonic dialogues show the phi
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ethical knowledge, cognised through
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already known. These logical operat
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1 Phcedo, 100 D. 2 Arist. Met. I. 9
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fell with its postulate, yet it was
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Aristippus, which would fain regard
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((Tw(j>poa-vvrj} , that becomes
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2 Page 246 ff. The doctrine there c
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If, then, it is desired to form a t
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12. The Aristotelian Logic. The bre
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1 Principally in Met. I. 9, and XII
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logic even to this day, are the fol
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explaining are forbidden by the nat
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from the higher by adding a new mar
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With this transformation of the doc
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grammatical observations co-operate
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144 The Greeks : Systematic Period.
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1 The exposition of this course of
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from them a purposive, rational inf
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But the psychical life itself is al
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Apollonia, Democritus, and Plato ha
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of the community as its highest goa
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are the highest, and those which br
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156 Hellenistic- Roman Philosophy.
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the special task of that wisdom for
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CHAPTER I. THE ETHICAL PERIOD. THE
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1 Cicero in his philosophical dialo
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mentioned ; Aristarchus and Eratost
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custom for the young Romans of supe
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CHAP. 1, 14.] Ideal of the Saye : J
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On the same ground, Epicurus prized
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ease of the soul ; they are perturb
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170 Hellenistic-Roman Thought : Eth
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appears as harmony with Nature, and
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of the ethical values of human will
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And as is the case for their origin
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than as produced from one principle
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alive and in a state of flux. In th
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this principle as a transcendent, s
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poseful determination of the whole,
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egarded the prime constituents of r
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Lastly, the Democritic principle of
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8 A similar materialising of the Pl
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poet of this school depicts in grot
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16. The Freedom of the Will and the
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With Aristotle, who separated himse
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or ruling faculty of man, is determ
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tion of this universe ; and convers
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CHAP. 1, 17.] Criteria of Truth: Pe
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Stoics made much account, more that
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y the relatively strong position wh
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Since the essential nature of thing
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perceptions (to which they scarcely
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of phenomena (aS^Aov), and on the o
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1 Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. Hyp. I. 180 ff.
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If thus the Stoics understood by th
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CHAPTER II. THE RELIGIOUS PERIOD. J
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This religious movement proved its
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Not without influence from this sch
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Syrian Neo-Platonism, transformed i
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Arius Didymus, Thrasyllus, the edit
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whose treatise n/>6s"E\\77i>a
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Ueber den Kaiser J. und sein Zeital
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ture. Their authors, who, perhaps,
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222 Hellenistic-Roman Thought : Rel
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calls the revelation which is exten
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above reason, but also in a certain
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CHAP. 2, 18.] Authority and Revelat
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appear as lower and preparatory for
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Epictetus calls reason and body the
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Siebeck, Gescli. d. toych. I. b 302
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and while they still remain for hum
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CHAP. 2, 20.] God and the World. 23
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1 Stratonism as a transformation of
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patristic theology, and just by thi
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of peace and strife, stand here opp
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an archangel. This s\im-total of th
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Hence where the Gnostics sought to
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own essence or itself entering into
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CHAI>. a, 20.] God and the World
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essentially according to its ethica
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soul to God, since it must traverse
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of conceding to the finite personal
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too strong in him to allow him to r
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the question, which proceeded from
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eternal spiritual world, which he r
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1854). Same author. Das Evangdium M
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more general principle of a histori
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Being and Becoming were the problem
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cially that which was opposed to he
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Middle Ages, given and regarded as
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theoretical investigation. From thi
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separation of theology and philosop
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mainly directed toward learning and
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mind, but also dangerous to the int
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among which those of chief importan
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of Pseudo-Boethius, he wrote the De
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ciple of the immediate certainty of
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2. But from this first certainty Au
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280 MedicBval Philosophy : First Pe
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the same play as in the case of its
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lute certainty of the individual mi
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the course of the history of salvat
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y the highest truth, as a will-less
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the Greeks, they possessed a wealth
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the world. The process of unfolding
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fore, also that of an absolute perf
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of being proved from its conception
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296 Mediceval Philosophy : First Pe
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existence of the concepts (the Plat
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concepts and predicates acquired by
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2 A. Harnack, Dogmengeschichte, III
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ecame the seat of the Platonism tha
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It is, therefore, a very noteworthy
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ination (imaginatio) in all kinds o
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their injury. He is the precursor o
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CHAPTER II. SECOND PERIOD. (AFTER A
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energetically the opposite elements
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Gospel" of Joachim Floris was also
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Richard of Middletown (R. de Mediav
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The attempt at a purely rational ex
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eceived with sympathy on account of
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we meet Avicebron (Ibn Gebirol, a S
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entire patristic thought, between a
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on such important points as the que
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ased their mystical doctrine precis
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the world, which even Thomism did n
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achievement of mediaeval philosophy
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26. The Primacy of the Will or of t
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the supremus motor of the psychical
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832 Mediceval Philosophy : Second P
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that is temporal, is for him the go
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The ideal existence of all that is
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CHAP. 2, 27.] Problem of Individual
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(natura naturata). This doctrine wi
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with this doctrine. Albert and Thom
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depths of this stream of developmen
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344 Mediaeval Philosophy : Second P
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of the infinite and the finite. All
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ual with and in the universal. At t
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civilisation by the side of that of
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Just as at the beginnings of Greek
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CHAPTER I. THE HUMANISTIC PERIOD. J
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traditions which united in it (cf.
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Joest Lips (1547-1606), Manuductio
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1576 ; De Vita Propria, De Varietat
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Humanism and natural philosophy att
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tality, but Averroism believed that
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and then to apply this correctly to
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CHAP. 1, 28.] Warring Traditions :
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came in, and while Luther had passi
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The classical portrayal of this tem
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odicy ; the world is perfect becaus
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knowledge at this period, and moreo
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ecame thus alive in the midst of Ne
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these elements of the Stoic and Neo
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over immediately into the cosmogoni
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the fashion of the ancient Ionics.
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CHAP. 2.] Natural Science Period. 3
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Uen6 Descartes (Cartesius), born 15
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nity of Portuguese Jews, and later
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Naturae Disquisitio Philosophica, L
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Quite similar is the case with the
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The Eewu*t&icek*m\hral Science Peri
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desired to understand the order of
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corrected by mathematics, and the s
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tained in none of my activities exc
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ness or intuitive evidence of the "
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tion follow arbitrarily (without ra
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tesian philosophy " more geometrico
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tions and demonstrations that the C
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31. Substance and Causality. The re
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But with the spirits, teleology, al
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schools of France and the Netherlan
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8 Desc. CEuv. (C.), X. pp. 181 ff.
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his metaphysical doctrine in its pr
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The ultimate ground of this positio
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modes are the particular space-form
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ents. It is all the more characteri
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consistency for Hobbes and for Spin
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inquiry must here be made for the p
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2 Kinship and opposition apply also
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tion, "as from the definition of a
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10. The conclusion of this movement
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extension is phenomenon. Leibniz se
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epresenting this content, and Leibn
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This relation of mechanism to teleo
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CHAI>. 2, 32.] Natural Right : M
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main features an imitation of the i
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4. In spite of all that is fantasti
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found in the character of the impul
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decisive where the Jesuits maintain
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the 17th Cent. (Lond. 1872). 436 Th
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438 Philosophy of the Enlightenment
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Leibnizian philosophy and the great
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Samuel Clarke (1075-1729; A Demonst
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du Chatelet in Cirey, his visit wit
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turous life, which toward the end w
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1754. He treated the entire compass
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Empirical psychology was represente
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CHAPTER I. THE THEORETICAL QUESTION
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CHAP. 1, 33.] Innate Ideas : Cambri
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their connection has been already a
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over and away from all deeper probl
Page 566 and 567:
454 The Enlightenment : Theoretical
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former seemed to him completely app
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more or less valuable deductions. T
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mining personalities. This convicti
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accordance with the Cartesian model
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of the unconscious to conscious, of
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ing of the Human Soul." Under the p
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accordingly, " subjective necessiti
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minute particles streaming out from
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while, according to this view, all
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from analogy are interpreted to ind
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tions between contents of ideas, an
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of this inner necessity with which
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6. Hume s contemporaries characteri
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Mendelssohn it would refrain from a
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of gravitation lives in itself was
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fully instructive and systematicall
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from the beginning the universe, an
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urged iu his treatment of the princ
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2 This doctrine, presented with an
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theoretical, and also in that of pr
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assist their machines afterwards, a
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ception of God as truly as does his
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6. While the foundations of Deism b
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496 The Enlightenment : Theoretical
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there lay the incitements to the fo
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CHAPTER II. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS. TH
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502 The Enlightenment : Practical Q
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inmost nature of reality which has
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ascribed to the ethical convictions
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much as is necessary for man s happ
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CHAP. 2, 36.] Principles of Morals
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ment of man s sensuous disposition
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Kant. The former substituted for se
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eing determined originally and in h
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too, Prussia s philosophical king F
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sympathy, the judgment which the in
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individuals in their relation to ea
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of the existing conditions wherever
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the depth of society, the question
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he becomes more and more discontent
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in an education which sought to dev
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ever-maturer realisation of the gen
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530 The German Philosophy. [PART VI
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CHAPTER I. THE CRITIQUE OF REASON.
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tion to the Critique in the followi
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works show the laboriousness of his
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Principles of Politics, including t
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products of the mechanism of associ
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since they relate to an object whic
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Democritus and Galileo ; but he dif
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lytic relations of formal logic thi
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transcendental philosophy, converse
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of us men, only the sensuous percep
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aid of which alone the former produ
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phenomena. Most characteristic by f
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552 German Philosophy : Kant s Crit
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everence for himself, and in his in
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freedom is the only explanation of
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vicarious love, and the mystery of
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good condition of the human race, n
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Sublime. 2. But the problem widens
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judgment. The hedonic feelings all
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same through the relation of the id
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566 G-erman Philosophy : KanCs Crit
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CHAPTER II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF IDEA
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and Schopenhauer, in so far, that i
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CHAI. ] Development of Idealism. 57
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Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermach
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had been given to the principles of
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gance of feeling, which manifests i
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2 Herder, Metakritik, 14, 111. Work
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ness of consciousness. Consciousnes
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are only two paths. Experience is a
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1 Cf. also Schilling s youthful opu
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"Understanding" produces the world
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simple and unchangeable determinati
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their original strength, so that if
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elongs to the pure perceptions. Bou
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42. The System of Reason. The direc
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intuition, and a form of its own in
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cally. What Hamann and Herder (cf.
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At the same time, the Kantian rigou
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of Nature in which alone the practi
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whether one species has arisen from
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point that the aesthetic process is
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as the mighty personality, who pres
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tems of the moral life, while for h
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In this age the universal conscious
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poetry. These lectures, not printed
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eligion over all spheres of life, w
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empty substance again to spirit, 2
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aesthetic ideals of mankind. Follow
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Hence the categories progress from
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philosophical knowledge can indeed
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Under such influences Schelling als
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ment of God himself. 4. Irrationali
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have only the success of a meteor t
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N.Y. 1891.] [L. Stephen, The Englis
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sented in the most manifold combina
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the eighteenth century, temporarily
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dustrial, 1821 f. ; Nouveau Christi
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The horizons of English thought wer
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< )f more recent writers, J. Roy
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cf. their common programme in Vol.
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1878). The following from the Catho
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and separation of psychology from p
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Svyiss embassador Stapfer, a promin
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ledge. He, too, conceives of the so
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question is one of the least import
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tion and its evil consequences, aft
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where Kant s doctrine was given an
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44.] Controversy over the Houl : Fe
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like that which Schopenhauer ascrib
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1. The first form in which the stru
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and autonomy in the conduct of life
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fact, and the first social phenomen
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1 " Love for the principle, order f
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to each other, but which in truth r
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tion. For the evolutionary theory o
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a condition of equilibrium has been
Page 808 and 809:
is the inevitable consequence of th
Page 810 and 811:
morals is a struggle of values or "
Page 812 and 813:
as poetry." But Bentham s own activ
Page 814 and 815:
greater significance for our presen
Page 816 and 817:
The employment by Spencer of the pr
Page 818 and 819:
approach hedonism, but whereas hedo
Page 820 and 821:
must be found in what is given ; th
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whose ripest meaning is the insight
Page 824 and 825:
or alien will. For in truth there i
Page 826 and 827:
The two factors of the inner antago
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and in conviction, the important th
Page 830 and 831:
its own problem in those values of
Page 832 and 833:
A. Fairbanks, The First Philosopher
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In comparison with the high flight
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Cf. E. Pappenheim (Berlin. 1?74 L.
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- - - i__ . :. _i : .: . . - :- .:
Page 840 and 841:
direction. Now, infinitude had beco
Page 842 and 843:
P. 317. Add to third par. : Cf. T.
Page 844 and 845:
(Arch.f. Gesch. d. Philos., V., Vl,
Page 846 and 847:
P. 441. To the notice of Shaftesbur
Page 848 and 849:
[The conception of " sympathy " in
Page 850 and 851:
[J. G. Schurmann in Philos. Review,
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187(5; C. Frantz, Sc.h. s positive
Page 854 and 855:
P. 586. Note 3. Line 7. Insert : Th
Page 856 and 857:
Actual vs. the potential, 140, 144,
Page 858 and 859:
dXXolbxm and irepi^opd as kinds of
Page 860 and 861:
trine of, 587. A priori, Leibniz s
Page 862 and 863: of individuals, 676. Assent, as cha
Page 864 and 865: Babeuf, 523. Bacon, Francis, 379 ;
Page 866 and 867: Eleatic conception of, in Herbart,
Page 868 and 869: Bouterwek, 573, 587, 635. Bowne, 63
Page 870 and 871: ling, 598 ; Hegel s doctrine of, 61
Page 872 and 873: Thomas, Dante, Occam, 326-328 ; at
Page 874 and 875: Conceptualism, 272 ; of Abelard, 29
Page 876 and 877: Grantor, 103, 164. Crates of Athens
Page 878 and 879: tinus, 254 ; Gnostics, 257 ff. Demo
Page 880 and 881: Dio Chrysostomos, 686 (163). Diodor
Page 882 and 883: Education, in Plato s Republic, 127
Page 884 and 885: Epictetus, 213, 216, 230. Epicurus
Page 886 and 887: and Wolff, 505 ff. ; sesthetic of S
Page 888 and 889: Fechner, 632, 644 f. Feder, 446. Fe
Page 890 and 891: Franck, Seb., 356, 365, 368. Franck
Page 892 and 893: Geometry and geometrical method (se
Page 894 and 895: est good = perfection with Leibniz,
Page 896 and 897: 515 ; of Bentham, 662-664 ; criti c
Page 898 and 899: Hickok, 630. Hierocles, 218. Hildeb
Page 900 and 901: eligion, 494 f. ; "Natural History
Page 902 and 903: Imitation, as essence of art, 153 1
Page 904 and 905: tionary explanation of, 658 f. Inte
Page 906 and 907: Julian, 218. Jung, 381, 397. Jus na
Page 908 and 909: Labanca, 631. Labriola, 631. Labruy
Page 910 and 911: Lewis, 629. Liberatore, 631. Liebma
Page 914 and 915: identified with space by Descartes
Page 916 and 917: of Hobbes, 389 ; Descartes method m
Page 918 and 919: asis of feelings with Cyrenaics, 86
Page 920 and 921: view, 597, 599 ; as realm of the co
Page 922 and 923: Locke, and Hobbes, 403 f. ; on Lock
Page 924 and 925: 566 ; as God, with Fichte, 595. Ord
Page 926 and 927: conian doctrine, with Cornenius and
Page 928 and 929: 227, 231, 237, 240 ff., 290, 319, 6
Page 930 and 931: Utopia, 428 f . ; on Bacon s New At
Page 932 and 933: Power, with Aristotle, 140 ; Locke,
Page 934 and 935: Leibniz, 462-464 ; new division of
Page 936 and 937: Reals, of Herbart, 584 f. Reason, a
Page 938 and 939: Revelation, as tradition or ecstasy
Page 940 and 941: Rage, 632, 640. Saadjah Fajjumi, 31
Page 942 and 943: Science, as equivalent to philosoph
Page 944 and 945: 449 ; of the Enlightenment, 439, 44
Page 946 and 947: lower by Plotinus, 240 ; unity of,
Page 948 and 949: French, 627, 636. Spiritualisation,
Page 950 and 951: tesian dualism of, 404 ff. ; God as
Page 952 and 953: Taste, sesthetic and ethical princi
Page 954 and 955: of, modified by Maimon, 578 ; re pl
Page 956 and 957: Realism, 295 ; above reason, 321. T
Page 958 and 959: phy of law, 522 ; in nineteenth cen
Page 960 and 961: Virtue, ambiguity of the term, 78 ;
Page 962 and 963:
William of Champeaux, 272, 274, 294
Page 964 and 965:
Xenophanes, 28, 30, 34 ff., 46, 146
Page 966 and 967:
Bohn Library. $1.50, net. The Probl
Page 968 and 969:
is no substitute." Antimer Review.
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$1.50 nft. Prolegomena and Metaphys
Page 972 and 973:
edge. English translation by BOSANQ
Page 974:
SCHLEG of On th by SCHOPE1 Re; Lib
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