HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

among which those of chief importance are irepi nvffTucijs 6eo\oyias and wepl
rrjs
tepapx/as ovpavtov (in Migne ; German by Engelhardt, Sulzbach, 1823), show
the
same mixture of Christian and Neo-Platonic philosophy which appeared fre
quently in the Orient (the result of Origen s influence) and in an especially
characteristic form in the Bishop Synesius (about 400 ; cf. R. Volkmann, S. von
Gyrene, Berlin, 18(59). The above-named writings of the Pseudo-Dionysius,
which probably arose in the fifth century, are first mentioned, 532, and their
genuineness is there contested; nevertheless, this was defended by Maximus
Confessor (580-662 ; DC Yarns Difficilioribus Locis Patrum Dionysii et Gregorii,
ed. Oehler, Halle, 1857).
In connection witli this Mysticism develops the first important scientific
Personality of the Middle Ages, John Scotus Erigena (sometimes Jerugena,
mm Ireland, about 810-880), of whose life it is certainly known that he was
called by Charles the Bald to the court school at Paris, and was for a time
active there. He translated the writings of the Areopagite. wrote against
Gottschalk the treatise De Praidestinatione, and put his own theories into his
main work, De Divisione Naturce (German by Noack, Leips. 1870-76). The
works form Vol. 122 in Migne s collection. Cf. J. Huber, J. S. E. (Munich,
1861).
Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) came from Aosta, was active for a long
time in the Norman cloister at Bee, and was called to become Archbishop of
Canterbury in 1093. Of his works (Migne, Vol. 155) the most important for
philosophy besides the treatise Cur Dens Homo? are the Monologium and the
Proslogium. The two latter are edited by C. Haas (Tubingen, 18G3), together
with the refutation of a monk, Gaunilo (in the cloister Marmoutier near Tours),
Liber pro Insipiente, and the reply 01 Anselm. Cf. Ch. Remusat, A. de C.,
tableau de la vie monastique et de la Intte du pouvoir spirituel avec le pouvoir
temporel au 11"" siecle (2d ed., Paris, 1868).
William of Champeaux (died 1121 as Bishop of Chalons-sur-Marne) was a
teacher who was much heard at the cathedral school in Paris, and established
studies there in the Augustinian cloister at St. Victor. We are chiefly informed
as to his philosophical views by his opponent Abelard ; his logical treatise is
lost.
Cf. E. Michaud, G. de Ch. et les ecoles de Paris au 12 siecle (Paris, 1868).
The Platonism of the earlier Middle Ages attached itself essentially to the
Timwiis, and under the influence of the Neo-Platonic interpretation gave to the
doctrine of Ideas a form which did not completely correspond to the original
sense. The most important figure in this line is Bernard of Chartres (in the
first half of the twelfth century). His work De Mundi Universitate sive Mega-