HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

of the following generation moved.
The predominance of the Kantian influence may be chiefly recog
nised in that the common character of all these systems is idealism; 1
they all develop out of the antagonistic thoughts which were inter
woven in Kant s treatment of the conception thing-in-itself. After
a short time of critical hesitation, Fichte, Schelling, and Ilegd took
the lead in the unresting effort to understand the world as a System
of Reason. Over against the bold energy of metaphysical specula
tion of these thinkers, which was extended by numerous disciples
to a many-coloured variety, there appears in men like Schleiermacher
and Herbart the Kantian reminder of the limits of human knowl
edge ; while, on the other hand, the same motive unfolded in the
construction of a Metaphysics of the Irrational in Schelling s later
doctrine, and with Schopenhauer.
Common to all these systems, however, is the all-sidedness of
philosophical interest, the wealth of creative thoughts, the fineness
of feeling for the needs of modern culture, and the victorious power
of an elaboration from the point of view of a principle, of the his
torical material of ideas.
The Critique of the Pure Reason found little regard at first, and then later
violent opposition. The most important impetus to this was given by Friedrich
Ileinrich Jacob! (1743-1819, finally President of the Munich Academy). His
main treatise bears the title, David Hume iiber den Glaube.n, oder Idealismus
und Realismus (1787) ; in addition to this the treatise Ueber das Untenirhmen
des Kriticismus die Vernunft zu Verstande zu bringen (1802). The treatise
Von den gottlichen Ding en und ihrer Offenbarung (1811) was directed against
Schelling. Cf. also his introduction to his philosophical writings in the second
volume of the complete edition (6 vols., Leips. 1812-1825). His main disciple
was Fr. Koppeii (1775-1858 ; Darstellung des \Vesens der Philosophic, Nurem
berg, 1810 ; cf. on him the art. K. by W. Windelband in Ersch u. Gruber s
Enc.).
As further opponents of Kant are to be named Gottlob Ernst Schulze
(1761-1823), the author of the anonymous writing, yEnesidemns oder iiber die
Fundamente der Elementarphilosophie (1792), and of a Kritik der
theoretischen
Philosophic (Hamburg, 1801) ; J. G. Hamann (cf. above, p. 510), whose
"review" of the Critique was first printed in 1801 in Reinhold s Beitragen,
1 Let it be remarked here at the outset that not only the main series of the
development from Reinhold to Fichte, Schelling, Krause, Schleiermacher, and
Hegel is idealistic, but also the series which is usually opposed to this, Herbart