HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

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227, 231, 237, 240 ff., 290, 319, 687 (217), 688 (224). Philodemus, 162, 198, 342. Philoluis, 29, 31, 45, 60 f., 63, 129, 215. Philosophy, various conceptions of, 1 ff.; relation to other sciences, 5, 657, 680, to civilisation, 6, 13 ; exter nal position, 7 ; share of different peoples in, 8; division of, 18 ff. ; sources of, among the Greeks, 23 ff., 27 ff.; at first cosmological, 27 f.; then \ anthropological and practical, 68 ff. ; Aristotle s division of, 153 ; sepa rating of special sciences from, 156 ; as wisdom for life, 157 ff. ; fused with religion, 210 ff.; relation to Chris tianity, 224 ff. ; to theology with Scholastics, 321 ; separation from theology, 354, 375, 389; relation of modern to religion, 399 ff. ; under control of natural science, 378 ff. ; as world-wisdom in Enlightenment, 437 ff. ; as psychology, 447 ff.; as criticism, 532 ff.; influence on litera ture, in Germany, 694 (530); Fichte s conception of, 579 ; Hegel s concep tion of, 611, 616; of this century, 623 ff.; as science of values, 680 f. Philosophy, history of, defined, 9; Hegel s view of, 10 f., 12 f., 614, 681 ; Fischer s view of, 13 ; three fac tors in, 11-14; tasks of, 15; sources for, 15 ff.; its significance, 681; and see also each of the periods and writers treated; division of, 21 f.; additional literature of, 683. Philostratus, 215. Phrenology, 517. <i*m, as title of early philosophic writ
ings, 29 f. ; as nature, Xenophanes, 34 ; as origin, or primal substance, 47 ff. ; opposed to 06ns, 74 ff., 435 ; harmonized with v6uos with Stoics, 172, 209 ; Plotinus, 246. Phurnutus, see Cornutus. Physico-theology, with Stoics, 195- 197; Enlightenment, 489 ff.; criti cized by Hume, 494 f. ; Kant s early, 490 ; his later criticism on, 550 ; see Teleology. Pico, 354, 372 f. Pierre d Ailly, 315, 333, 345. Pietism, 445, 487, 583. Pinel, 627. Pittacus, 24. Pity, see Sympathy. Plainer, 445, 693 (445). Plato, as authority for Socrates, 71, 77, 97 ; as systematiser, 99 ; general character of philos., 101 ; life and writings, 102 f., 684 (102), 685 (103); grounds metaphysics anew, 105-109; Ideas, 116 ff. ; doctrine of recollec tion, 118, 685 (119); of soul, 685 (123); logic and dialectic, 119 f.; Idea of Good, 122 ; his psychology, 123 f.; ethics, 125; politics, 126 f. ; on education, 127; teleology, 128; ductrine of space, 129, 687 (238); importance of mathematics for, 129 ; philos. of Nature, 129 f.; relation to Aristotle, 133, 139 ff.; on freedom, 191; influence of his dualism, 211 ; regarded as starting-point for natural science, 303 ; influence on More s
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http://www.archive.org/stream/winde
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TRANSLATOR S PREFACE. REGARDED simp
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haps by "cosmic processes." In the
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various lines of thought, out of wh
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xii Author s Preface. topic and ano
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xiv Contents. CHAPTER II. THE RELIG
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HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY. INTRODUCTION
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1 A conception which it is well kno
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and of society. In this position of
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2 As for Chr. Wolf ; cf. his Logica
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With the advent of the larger relat
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German philosophy. Compared with th
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history of philosophy as a genuine
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matic order in which these same cat
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arranges the philosophical doctrine
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tioned by their ethical and aesthet
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literary tradition has become so we
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W. S. Hough, Loud, and N.Y., 1890].
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2 This applies in every domain of h
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ent. In the Middle Ages, and still
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also those which relate to art and
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PART I. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE GREEK
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lated the formation of so many spec
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is made to begin a new period, or i
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the great elementary phenomena, to
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flourished in what was then the Ion
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But traces of Atomism are to be rec
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32 The Greeks : Cosmological Period
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Later accounts give us to understan
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While here a predominantly theologi
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and logical order in the world appe
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fection of the first had become cle
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powers set over against them ; but
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arranging the movements according t
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to the origin of motion as a matter
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of the problem more abstract than t
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find the ultimate ground of this or
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the original form corresponds, and
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contrary movements is effected, the
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What hindered the first two from re
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The teleological point of view take
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56 The Greeks : Cosmological Period
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doubtless connected with the separa
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with its restless change of individ
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the result that this requirement co
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sunlight discloses in the air to be
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e sure, only if there is besides, i
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CHAPTER II. THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PER
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elation to .Pythagoreanism, especia
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the Sophists made themselves the mo
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CHAP. 2.] The Anthropological Perio
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of Thebes may also be mentioned. La
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1 A typical example of this is the
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2. If personal interest is therefor
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6 As is shown by the condemnation o
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so fully in his own life, as that o
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In. this a fundamental difference b
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SalfjMviov, 8. The essential thing
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If, namely, virtue is to make happy
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the only thing to be considered, it
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and pain which would in future resu
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different titles of this work, the
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conceptions that are in themselves
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inner organic motion advances to me
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qualitative to the quantitative was
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that is to serve as knowledge for a
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him to bring to definite expression
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CHAPTER III. THE SYSTEMATIC PERIOD.
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from the attempt to reconcile these
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was delivered as prisoner of war to
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possession of the academic grove an
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the Rhetoric, by Welldon (Lond. and
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geneous, absolute and abiding. For
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108 The Greeks : Systematic Period.
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points of attack for immanent criti
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phenomenal reality. With this the s
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the qualities perceived by special
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C HAP. ;5, lo.] System of Materiali
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The Platonic dialogues show the phi
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ethical knowledge, cognised through
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already known. These logical operat
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1 Phcedo, 100 D. 2 Arist. Met. I. 9
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fell with its postulate, yet it was
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Aristippus, which would fain regard
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((Tw(j>poa-vvrj} , that becomes
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2 Page 246 ff. The doctrine there c
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If, then, it is desired to form a t
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12. The Aristotelian Logic. The bre
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1 Principally in Met. I. 9, and XII
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logic even to this day, are the fol
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explaining are forbidden by the nat
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from the higher by adding a new mar
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With this transformation of the doc
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grammatical observations co-operate
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144 The Greeks : Systematic Period.
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1 The exposition of this course of
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from them a purposive, rational inf
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But the psychical life itself is al
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Apollonia, Democritus, and Plato ha
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of the community as its highest goa
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are the highest, and those which br
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156 Hellenistic- Roman Philosophy.
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the special task of that wisdom for
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CHAPTER I. THE ETHICAL PERIOD. THE
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1 Cicero in his philosophical dialo
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mentioned ; Aristarchus and Eratost
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custom for the young Romans of supe
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CHAP. 1, 14.] Ideal of the Saye : J
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On the same ground, Epicurus prized
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ease of the soul ; they are perturb
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170 Hellenistic-Roman Thought : Eth
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appears as harmony with Nature, and
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of the ethical values of human will
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And as is the case for their origin
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than as produced from one principle
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alive and in a state of flux. In th
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this principle as a transcendent, s
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poseful determination of the whole,
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egarded the prime constituents of r
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Lastly, the Democritic principle of
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8 A similar materialising of the Pl
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poet of this school depicts in grot
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16. The Freedom of the Will and the
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With Aristotle, who separated himse
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or ruling faculty of man, is determ
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tion of this universe ; and convers
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CHAP. 1, 17.] Criteria of Truth: Pe
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Stoics made much account, more that
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y the relatively strong position wh
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Since the essential nature of thing
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perceptions (to which they scarcely
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of phenomena (aS^Aov), and on the o
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1 Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. Hyp. I. 180 ff.
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If thus the Stoics understood by th
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CHAPTER II. THE RELIGIOUS PERIOD. J
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This religious movement proved its
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Not without influence from this sch
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Syrian Neo-Platonism, transformed i
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Arius Didymus, Thrasyllus, the edit
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whose treatise n/>6s"E\\77i>a
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Ueber den Kaiser J. und sein Zeital
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ture. Their authors, who, perhaps,
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222 Hellenistic-Roman Thought : Rel
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calls the revelation which is exten
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above reason, but also in a certain
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CHAP. 2, 18.] Authority and Revelat
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appear as lower and preparatory for
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Epictetus calls reason and body the
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Siebeck, Gescli. d. toych. I. b 302
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and while they still remain for hum
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CHAP. 2, 20.] God and the World. 23
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1 Stratonism as a transformation of
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patristic theology, and just by thi
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of peace and strife, stand here opp
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an archangel. This s\im-total of th
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Hence where the Gnostics sought to
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own essence or itself entering into
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CHAI>. a, 20.] God and the World
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essentially according to its ethica
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soul to God, since it must traverse
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of conceding to the finite personal
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too strong in him to allow him to r
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the question, which proceeded from
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eternal spiritual world, which he r
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1854). Same author. Das Evangdium M
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more general principle of a histori
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Being and Becoming were the problem
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cially that which was opposed to he
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Middle Ages, given and regarded as
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theoretical investigation. From thi
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separation of theology and philosop
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mainly directed toward learning and
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mind, but also dangerous to the int
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among which those of chief importan
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of Pseudo-Boethius, he wrote the De
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ciple of the immediate certainty of
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2. But from this first certainty Au
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280 MedicBval Philosophy : First Pe
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the same play as in the case of its
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lute certainty of the individual mi
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the course of the history of salvat
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y the highest truth, as a will-less
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the Greeks, they possessed a wealth
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the world. The process of unfolding
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fore, also that of an absolute perf
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of being proved from its conception
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296 Mediceval Philosophy : First Pe
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existence of the concepts (the Plat
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concepts and predicates acquired by
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2 A. Harnack, Dogmengeschichte, III
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ecame the seat of the Platonism tha
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It is, therefore, a very noteworthy
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ination (imaginatio) in all kinds o
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their injury. He is the precursor o
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CHAPTER II. SECOND PERIOD. (AFTER A
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energetically the opposite elements
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Gospel" of Joachim Floris was also
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Richard of Middletown (R. de Mediav
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The attempt at a purely rational ex
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eceived with sympathy on account of
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we meet Avicebron (Ibn Gebirol, a S
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entire patristic thought, between a
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on such important points as the que
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ased their mystical doctrine precis
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the world, which even Thomism did n
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achievement of mediaeval philosophy
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26. The Primacy of the Will or of t
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the supremus motor of the psychical
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832 Mediceval Philosophy : Second P
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that is temporal, is for him the go
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The ideal existence of all that is
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CHAP. 2, 27.] Problem of Individual
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(natura naturata). This doctrine wi
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with this doctrine. Albert and Thom
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depths of this stream of developmen
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344 Mediaeval Philosophy : Second P
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of the infinite and the finite. All
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ual with and in the universal. At t
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civilisation by the side of that of
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Just as at the beginnings of Greek
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CHAPTER I. THE HUMANISTIC PERIOD. J
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traditions which united in it (cf.
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Joest Lips (1547-1606), Manuductio
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1576 ; De Vita Propria, De Varietat
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Humanism and natural philosophy att
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tality, but Averroism believed that
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and then to apply this correctly to
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CHAP. 1, 28.] Warring Traditions :
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came in, and while Luther had passi
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The classical portrayal of this tem
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odicy ; the world is perfect becaus
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knowledge at this period, and moreo
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ecame thus alive in the midst of Ne
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these elements of the Stoic and Neo
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over immediately into the cosmogoni
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the fashion of the ancient Ionics.
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CHAP. 2.] Natural Science Period. 3
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Uen6 Descartes (Cartesius), born 15
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nity of Portuguese Jews, and later
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Naturae Disquisitio Philosophica, L
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Quite similar is the case with the
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The Eewu*t&icek*m\hral Science Peri
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desired to understand the order of
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corrected by mathematics, and the s
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tained in none of my activities exc
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ness or intuitive evidence of the "
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tion follow arbitrarily (without ra
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tesian philosophy " more geometrico
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tions and demonstrations that the C
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31. Substance and Causality. The re
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But with the spirits, teleology, al
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schools of France and the Netherlan
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8 Desc. CEuv. (C.), X. pp. 181 ff.
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his metaphysical doctrine in its pr
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The ultimate ground of this positio
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modes are the particular space-form
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ents. It is all the more characteri
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consistency for Hobbes and for Spin
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inquiry must here be made for the p
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2 Kinship and opposition apply also
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tion, "as from the definition of a
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10. The conclusion of this movement
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extension is phenomenon. Leibniz se
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epresenting this content, and Leibn
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This relation of mechanism to teleo
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CHAI>. 2, 32.] Natural Right : M
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main features an imitation of the i
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4. In spite of all that is fantasti
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found in the character of the impul
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decisive where the Jesuits maintain
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the 17th Cent. (Lond. 1872). 436 Th
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438 Philosophy of the Enlightenment
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Leibnizian philosophy and the great
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Samuel Clarke (1075-1729; A Demonst
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du Chatelet in Cirey, his visit wit
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turous life, which toward the end w
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1754. He treated the entire compass
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Empirical psychology was represente
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CHAPTER I. THE THEORETICAL QUESTION
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CHAP. 1, 33.] Innate Ideas : Cambri
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their connection has been already a
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over and away from all deeper probl
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454 The Enlightenment : Theoretical
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former seemed to him completely app
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more or less valuable deductions. T
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mining personalities. This convicti
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accordance with the Cartesian model
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of the unconscious to conscious, of
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ing of the Human Soul." Under the p
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accordingly, " subjective necessiti
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minute particles streaming out from
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while, according to this view, all
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from analogy are interpreted to ind
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tions between contents of ideas, an
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of this inner necessity with which
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6. Hume s contemporaries characteri
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Mendelssohn it would refrain from a
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of gravitation lives in itself was
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fully instructive and systematicall
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from the beginning the universe, an
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urged iu his treatment of the princ
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2 This doctrine, presented with an
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theoretical, and also in that of pr
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assist their machines afterwards, a
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ception of God as truly as does his
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6. While the foundations of Deism b
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496 The Enlightenment : Theoretical
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there lay the incitements to the fo
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CHAPTER II. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS. TH
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502 The Enlightenment : Practical Q
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inmost nature of reality which has
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ascribed to the ethical convictions
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much as is necessary for man s happ
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CHAP. 2, 36.] Principles of Morals
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ment of man s sensuous disposition
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Kant. The former substituted for se
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eing determined originally and in h
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too, Prussia s philosophical king F
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sympathy, the judgment which the in
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individuals in their relation to ea
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of the existing conditions wherever
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the depth of society, the question
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he becomes more and more discontent
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in an education which sought to dev
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ever-maturer realisation of the gen
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530 The German Philosophy. [PART VI
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CHAPTER I. THE CRITIQUE OF REASON.
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tion to the Critique in the followi
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works show the laboriousness of his
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Principles of Politics, including t
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products of the mechanism of associ
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since they relate to an object whic
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Democritus and Galileo ; but he dif
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lytic relations of formal logic thi
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transcendental philosophy, converse
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of us men, only the sensuous percep
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aid of which alone the former produ
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phenomena. Most characteristic by f
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552 German Philosophy : Kant s Crit
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everence for himself, and in his in
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freedom is the only explanation of
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vicarious love, and the mystery of
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good condition of the human race, n
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Sublime. 2. But the problem widens
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judgment. The hedonic feelings all
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same through the relation of the id
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566 G-erman Philosophy : KanCs Crit
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CHAPTER II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF IDEA
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and Schopenhauer, in so far, that i
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CHAI. ] Development of Idealism. 57
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Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermach
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had been given to the principles of
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gance of feeling, which manifests i
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2 Herder, Metakritik, 14, 111. Work
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ness of consciousness. Consciousnes
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are only two paths. Experience is a
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1 Cf. also Schilling s youthful opu
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"Understanding" produces the world
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simple and unchangeable determinati
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their original strength, so that if
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elongs to the pure perceptions. Bou
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42. The System of Reason. The direc
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intuition, and a form of its own in
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cally. What Hamann and Herder (cf.
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At the same time, the Kantian rigou
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of Nature in which alone the practi
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whether one species has arisen from
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point that the aesthetic process is
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as the mighty personality, who pres
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tems of the moral life, while for h
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In this age the universal conscious
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poetry. These lectures, not printed
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eligion over all spheres of life, w
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empty substance again to spirit, 2
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aesthetic ideals of mankind. Follow
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Hence the categories progress from
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philosophical knowledge can indeed
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Under such influences Schelling als
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ment of God himself. 4. Irrationali
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have only the success of a meteor t
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N.Y. 1891.] [L. Stephen, The Englis
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sented in the most manifold combina
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the eighteenth century, temporarily
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dustrial, 1821 f. ; Nouveau Christi
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The horizons of English thought wer
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< )f more recent writers, J. Roy
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cf. their common programme in Vol.
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1878). The following from the Catho
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and separation of psychology from p
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Svyiss embassador Stapfer, a promin
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ledge. He, too, conceives of the so
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question is one of the least import
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tion and its evil consequences, aft
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where Kant s doctrine was given an
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44.] Controversy over the Houl : Fe
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like that which Schopenhauer ascrib
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1. The first form in which the stru
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and autonomy in the conduct of life
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fact, and the first social phenomen
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1 " Love for the principle, order f
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to each other, but which in truth r
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tion. For the evolutionary theory o
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a condition of equilibrium has been
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is the inevitable consequence of th
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morals is a struggle of values or "
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as poetry." But Bentham s own activ
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greater significance for our presen
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The employment by Spencer of the pr
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approach hedonism, but whereas hedo
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must be found in what is given ; th
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whose ripest meaning is the insight
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or alien will. For in truth there i
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The two factors of the inner antago
Page 828 and 829:
and in conviction, the important th
Page 830 and 831:
its own problem in those values of
Page 832 and 833:
A. Fairbanks, The First Philosopher
Page 834 and 835:
In comparison with the high flight
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Cf. E. Pappenheim (Berlin. 1?74 L.
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- - - i__ . :. _i : .: . . - :- .:
Page 840 and 841:
direction. Now, infinitude had beco
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P. 317. Add to third par. : Cf. T.
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(Arch.f. Gesch. d. Philos., V., Vl,
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P. 441. To the notice of Shaftesbur
Page 848 and 849:
[The conception of " sympathy " in
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[J. G. Schurmann in Philos. Review,
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187(5; C. Frantz, Sc.h. s positive
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P. 586. Note 3. Line 7. Insert : Th
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Actual vs. the potential, 140, 144,
Page 858 and 859:
dXXolbxm and irepi^opd as kinds of
Page 860 and 861:
trine of, 587. A priori, Leibniz s
Page 862 and 863:
of individuals, 676. Assent, as cha
Page 864 and 865:
Babeuf, 523. Bacon, Francis, 379 ;
Page 866 and 867:
Eleatic conception of, in Herbart,
Page 868 and 869:
Bouterwek, 573, 587, 635. Bowne, 63
Page 870 and 871:
ling, 598 ; Hegel s doctrine of, 61
Page 872 and 873:
Thomas, Dante, Occam, 326-328 ; at
Page 874 and 875:
Conceptualism, 272 ; of Abelard, 29
Page 876 and 877:
Grantor, 103, 164. Crates of Athens
Page 878 and 879: tinus, 254 ; Gnostics, 257 ff. Demo
Page 880 and 881: Dio Chrysostomos, 686 (163). Diodor
Page 882 and 883: Education, in Plato s Republic, 127
Page 884 and 885: Epictetus, 213, 216, 230. Epicurus
Page 886 and 887: and Wolff, 505 ff. ; sesthetic of S
Page 888 and 889: Fechner, 632, 644 f. Feder, 446. Fe
Page 890 and 891: Franck, Seb., 356, 365, 368. Franck
Page 892 and 893: Geometry and geometrical method (se
Page 894 and 895: est good = perfection with Leibniz,
Page 896 and 897: 515 ; of Bentham, 662-664 ; criti c
Page 898 and 899: Hickok, 630. Hierocles, 218. Hildeb
Page 900 and 901: eligion, 494 f. ; "Natural History
Page 902 and 903: Imitation, as essence of art, 153 1
Page 904 and 905: tionary explanation of, 658 f. Inte
Page 906 and 907: Julian, 218. Jung, 381, 397. Jus na
Page 908 and 909: Labanca, 631. Labriola, 631. Labruy
Page 910 and 911: Lewis, 629. Liberatore, 631. Liebma
Page 912 and 913: Mackenzie. 630. Mackintosh, 629. Ma
Page 914 and 915: identified with space by Descartes
Page 916 and 917: of Hobbes, 389 ; Descartes method m
Page 918 and 919: asis of feelings with Cyrenaics, 86
Page 920 and 921: view, 597, 599 ; as realm of the co
Page 922 and 923: Locke, and Hobbes, 403 f. ; on Lock
Page 924 and 925: 566 ; as God, with Fichte, 595. Ord
Page 926 and 927: conian doctrine, with Cornenius and
Page 930 and 931: Utopia, 428 f . ; on Bacon s New At
Page 932 and 933: Power, with Aristotle, 140 ; Locke,
Page 934 and 935: Leibniz, 462-464 ; new division of
Page 936 and 937: Reals, of Herbart, 584 f. Reason, a
Page 938 and 939: Revelation, as tradition or ecstasy
Page 940 and 941: Rage, 632, 640. Saadjah Fajjumi, 31
Page 942 and 943: Science, as equivalent to philosoph
Page 944 and 945: 449 ; of the Enlightenment, 439, 44
Page 946 and 947: lower by Plotinus, 240 ; unity of,
Page 948 and 949: French, 627, 636. Spiritualisation,
Page 950 and 951: tesian dualism of, 404 ff. ; God as
Page 952 and 953: Taste, sesthetic and ethical princi
Page 954 and 955: of, modified by Maimon, 578 ; re pl
Page 956 and 957: Realism, 295 ; above reason, 321. T
Page 958 and 959: phy of law, 522 ; in nineteenth cen
Page 960 and 961: Virtue, ambiguity of the term, 78 ;
Page 962 and 963: William of Champeaux, 272, 274, 294
Page 964 and 965: Xenophanes, 28, 30, 34 ff., 46, 146
Page 966 and 967: Bohn Library. $1.50, net. The Probl
Page 968 and 969: is no substitute." Antimer Review.
Page 970 and 971: $1.50 nft. Prolegomena and Metaphys
Page 972 and 973: edge. English translation by BOSANQ
Page 974: SCHLEG of On th by SCHOPE1 Re; Lib
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HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

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