chapter - Atmospheric and Oceanic Science

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Background on other regional aspects: Land use change, aerosols and trace gases Souza, E. P., N. O. Rennó and M.A.F. Silva Dias, 2000: Convective circulations induced by surface heterogeneities. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 57, 2915-2922. Xavier, T.M.B.S , A.F.S.Xavier and M.A.F.Silva Dias, 1994: Evolução da Precipitação Diária num Ambiente urbano: O Caso da Cidade de São Paulo. Rev. Brasileira de Meteorologia, Vol. 9, 44- 53. Werth, D. and R. Avissar, 2002. The local and global effects of Amazon deforestation, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8087, doi:10.1029/2001JD000717. Werth, D. and R. Avissar, 2004. The regional Evapotranspiration of the Amazon. J. Hydromet., 5, 100-109. 139
ABSTRACT The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the development and use of three-dimensional computational models of the global climate system, including its four main components: atmosphere, oceans, land and marine ice. In this description, it will be assumed that the reader has only a vague idea about climate models and it will be provided a basic understanding of what the models are trying to simulate, of how they are built, what has them managed to simulate and how they are used for evaluative purposes and predictions. After a short introduction, a brief description of an Atmospheric General Circulation Model will be given (MCG) and it will be discussed its use for Climatic Change studies and the uncertainties of these studies. 140 CHAPTER GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS Tércio Ambrizzi 1 1 Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil. XI
Page 1 and 2:
CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE LA PLATA BASI
Page 3 and 4:
INDEX FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . .
Page 5 and 6:
7.3. Methodology . . . . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8:
13.3. Regional validation of GCM fo
Page 9 and 10:
1.1. Dropping the hypothesis of sta
Page 11 and 12:
Introduction as they pour water ove
Page 13 and 14:
A better understanding of the obser
Page 15 and 16:
References Introduction Barros, V.
Page 17 and 18:
ABSTRACT The hydrologic cycle of th
Page 19 and 20:
La Plata basin climatology Within t
Page 21 and 22:
in this last description, although
Page 23 and 24:
warm season (October-April), in the
Page 25 and 26:
La Plata basin climatology b. Upper
Page 27 and 28:
La Plata basin climatology 2.3.3. R
Page 29 and 30:
La Plata basin climatology Fig. 2.8
Page 31 and 32:
2.3.7. West and South borders La Pl
Page 33 and 34:
References La Plata basin climatolo
Page 35 and 36:
La Plata basin climatology Robertso
Page 37 and 38:
3.1. Introduction Interannual low f
Page 39 and 40:
Interannual low frequency variabili
Page 41 and 42:
1989). This signal varies along eac
Page 43 and 44:
Interannual low frequency variabili
Page 45 and 46:
The main physiographic and hydrolog
Page 47 and 48:
SUB-BASIN COUNTRY Argentina Bolivia
Page 49 and 50:
the most important stretches of the
Page 51 and 52:
Physiography and Hydrology The Para
Page 53 and 54:
Physiography and Hydrology The Pant
Page 55 and 56:
Physiography and Hydrology forcings
Page 57 and 58:
Physiography and Hydrology It is no
Page 59 and 60:
Physiography and Hydrology tion of
Page 61 and 62:
Physiography and Hydrology INTERNAV
Page 63 and 64:
5.1. Introduction Precipitation and
Page 65 and 66:
From 1956 to 1991, in most of the A
Page 67 and 68:
-15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -15 -20 -25
Page 69 and 70:
Regional precipitation trends 5.3.2
Page 71 and 72:
Regional precipitation trends and L
Page 73 and 74:
trast, other regions suffer floodin
Page 75 and 76:
ABSTRACT The main hydrological tren
Page 77 and 78:
Following are the observed changes:
Page 79 and 80:
In the case of the Paraná River th
Page 81 and 82:
Hydrological trends In order to com
Page 83 and 84:
Hydrological trends In table 6.1 it
Page 85 and 86:
Hydrological trends On the other ha
Page 87 and 88:
the central area of the high basin
Page 89 and 90: 7.1. Introduction Several authors,
Page 91 and 92: Real evaporation trends a) PET > Pi
Page 93 and 94: a) b) c) Mean Temperature Real evap
Page 97 and 98: The positive trends of the mean tem
Page 99 and 100: d) e) f) Mean Temperature Real evap
Page 103 and 104: 7.5. Discussion and final comments
Page 105 and 106: ABSTRACT The water, as resource, is
Page 107 and 108: puts in risk large number of person
Page 109 and 110: The main services and problems of w
Page 111 and 112: There are similar problems in diffe
Page 113 and 114: 8.3.3. Energy a. Hydroelectric depe
Page 115 and 116: (chapters 12 and 13), because of th
Page 117 and 118: The main services and problems of w
Page 119 and 120: 9.1. Introduction The emissions of
Page 121 and 122: 9.4. Greenhouse effect The atmosphe
Page 123 and 124: Temperature anomalies (°C) 0.8 0.6
Page 125 and 126: Global climatic change at a global
Page 127 and 128: In view of the unavoidability of th
Page 129 and 130: Background on other regional aspect
Page 135 and 136: Considering the non-linear interact
Page 137 and 138: SST anomalies also have influence o
Page 139: Background on other regional aspect
Page 143 and 144: Global climate models Mid-1970’s
Page 145 and 146: Global climate models Table 11.1. B
Page 147 and 148: Global climate models Table 11.2. M
Page 149 and 150: Although changes in weather and cli
Page 151 and 152: Socio-economic variables and also s
Page 153 and 154: Applicability in impact assessments
Page 155 and 156: of the global climate system to the
Page 157 and 158: Climate scenarios B2: Assumes a wor
Page 159 and 160: Climate scenarios The reliability o
Page 161 and 162: Climate scenarios From Table 12.2 i
Page 163 and 164: Climate scenarios Fig. 12.5. The mu
Page 165 and 166: Climate scenarios this would be rel
Page 167 and 168: Results of global circulation model
Page 169 and 170: 13.2.3. Statistical downscaling The
Page 171 and 172: La Plata basin are also considerabl
Page 173 and 174: 10 N EQ 10 S 20 S 30 S 40 S 50 S 10
Page 175 and 176: Regional climatic scenarios Fig. 13
Page 177 and 178: a. Pre-industrial experiment: Initi
Page 183 and 184: Regional climatic scenarios Kalnay,
Page 185 and 186: Low-frequency variability 14.1. Bac
Page 187 and 188: egime occurred during the periods o
Page 189 and 190: Fig. 14.2. As Fig. 14.1, except for
Page 191 and 192:
14.4. SST composites Low-frequency
Page 193 and 194:
Low-frequency variability during th
Page 195 and 196:
Fig. 14.10. As Fig. 14.9, except fo
Page 197 and 198:
Low-frequency variability In genera
Page 199 and 200:
Low-frequency variability Mantua, N
Page 201 and 202:
15.1. Introduction Statistical anal
Page 203 and 204:
Statistical analysis of extreme eve
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
CURRÍCULA OF THE AUTHORS Vicente B
Page 219 and 220:
Curricula of the autors Rubén Mari
Page 221:
Proyect: SGP II 057: “Trends in t
show all

chapter - Atmospheric and Oceanic Science

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?