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Low-frequency variability Fig. 14.9. Monthly El Niño-related mean SLP anomalies for the WPDO regime for the indicated months. Contour interval is 0.5 hPa, with negative (positive) contours being dashed (continuous). Light to dark blue (yellow to red) shading encompasses negative (positive) values which are significant at the 95% confidence level. The zero contours have been omitted. On the other hand, EN-related SLP patterns for the CPDO regime show dominant positive anomalies in the Australasian region and quite small negative anomalies in the central and eastern Tropical Pacific (Fig. 14.10). So, the associated anomalous Walker circulation is relatively weaker than for the previous case. Similarly, LN-related SLP anomaly patterns for the WPDO regime feature positive anomalies in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific and negative anomalies in the Australasian region (Fig.14.11). These anomalies show quite small magnitudes, that indicates almost normal Walker circulation. LN-related SLP composites for the CPDO show significant anomalies in the tropics with the positive values in the central and eastern Tropical Pacific and the negative values over the Australasian and/or the Atlantic/African regions (Fig. 14.12). It is interesting to note that the areas with the largest anomalies in the Australasian-Pacific sector which take part in the East-West pressure balance are neither centred at the equator nor located at the same latitude. In fact, the negative area in the Australasian region has a variable latitudinal location. It is between the equator and 20°S from October (0) to December (0) and in March (+) , approximately in the equator in January (+) , and between the equator and 20°N in February (+) . On the other hand, the positive area in the central eastern Pacific is located between 20° and 40°S approximately in the southeastern side of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) in most months of the period from October (0) to March (+) . This result implies that considerable variations might occur in the convective activity along the SPCZ during LN years of the CPDO regime. 193
Fig. 14.10. As Fig. 14.9, except for CPDO regime. Low-frequency variability Fig. 14.11. Monthly La Niña-related mean SLP anomalies for the WPDO regime for the indicated months. Display is the same as that in figure 14.9. 194
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CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE LA PLATA BASI
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INDEX FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . .
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7.3. Methodology . . . . . . . . .
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13.3. Regional validation of GCM fo
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1.1. Dropping the hypothesis of sta
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Introduction as they pour water ove
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A better understanding of the obser
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References Introduction Barros, V.
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ABSTRACT The hydrologic cycle of th
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La Plata basin climatology Within t
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in this last description, although
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warm season (October-April), in the
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La Plata basin climatology b. Upper
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La Plata basin climatology 2.3.3. R
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La Plata basin climatology Fig. 2.8
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2.3.7. West and South borders La Pl
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References La Plata basin climatolo
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La Plata basin climatology Robertso
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3.1. Introduction Interannual low f
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Interannual low frequency variabili
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1989). This signal varies along eac
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Interannual low frequency variabili
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The main physiographic and hydrolog
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SUB-BASIN COUNTRY Argentina Bolivia
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the most important stretches of the
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Physiography and Hydrology The Para
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Physiography and Hydrology The Pant
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Physiography and Hydrology forcings
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Physiography and Hydrology It is no
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Physiography and Hydrology tion of
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Physiography and Hydrology INTERNAV
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5.1. Introduction Precipitation and
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From 1956 to 1991, in most of the A
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-15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -15 -20 -25
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Regional precipitation trends 5.3.2
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Regional precipitation trends and L
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trast, other regions suffer floodin
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ABSTRACT The main hydrological tren
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Following are the observed changes:
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In the case of the Paraná River th
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Hydrological trends In order to com
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Hydrological trends In table 6.1 it
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Hydrological trends On the other ha
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the central area of the high basin
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7.1. Introduction Several authors,
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Real evaporation trends a) PET > Pi
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a) b) c) Mean Temperature Real evap
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The positive trends of the mean tem
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d) e) f) Mean Temperature Real evap
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7.5. Discussion and final comments
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ABSTRACT The water, as resource, is
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puts in risk large number of person
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The main services and problems of w
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There are similar problems in diffe
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8.3.3. Energy a. Hydroelectric depe
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(chapters 12 and 13), because of th
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The main services and problems of w
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9.1. Introduction The emissions of
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9.4. Greenhouse effect The atmosphe
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Temperature anomalies (°C) 0.8 0.6
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Global climatic change at a global
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In view of the unavoidability of th
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Background on other regional aspect
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Considering the non-linear interact
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SST anomalies also have influence o
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this chapte
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Page 199 and 200: Low-frequency variability Mantua, N
Page 201 and 202: 15.1. Introduction Statistical anal
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Page 217 and 218: CURRÍCULA OF THE AUTHORS Vicente B
Page 219 and 220: Curricula of the autors Rubén Mari
Page 221: Proyect: SGP II 057: “Trends in t
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