GUIDE ENGLISH GRAMMAR BOOK

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PAGE 259 204 The + adjective The adjective can be modified by an adverb. the very rich the severely disabled Some adjectives normally take an adverb. the more/less fortunate the mentally ill NOTE a In a few contexts, the + adjective can mean a specific group rather than people in general. The injured were taken to hospital. b A few adjectives can come after a/an to mean a specific person. Now a superstar, she was an unknown only two years ago. c There are a few adjectives that we can use as nouns, such as colour words. They take s in the plural. a black (= a black person) the Greens (= supporters of the green movement) d For the French, •288. 2 Abstract qualities a b c We can use some adjectives after the to refer to things in general which have an abstract quality. There are a lot of books on the supernatural. The human race has a great thirst for the unknown. The supernatural means 'supernatural happenings in general'. Other examples: the mysterious, the unexplained, the absurd, the ordinary, the old, the new. The noun phrase takes a singular verb. The new drives out the old. A few adjectives can have a more specific meaning. The unexpected happened. (= something that was unexpected) Have you heard the latest? (= the latest news) Also: fear the worst, hope for the best, in the dark We use the+ adjective + thing to talk about a particular quality or aspect of a situation. This usage is rather informal. It was an amusing sight, but the annoying thing (about it) was that I didn't have my camera with me. We cannot leave out thing here.
PAGE 260 25 Adverbials 205 Summary Introduction to adverbials • 206 An adverbial can be an adverb phrase, prepositional phrase or noun phrase. Luckily the money was on my desk when I arrived this morning. Adverb forms • 207 Many adverbs end in ly: quietly, finally, certainly. There are some pairs of adverbs like hard and hardly with different meanings. The position of adverbials • 208 Some adverbials come next to the word or phrase they modify. those people over there really nice Some adverbials modify a verb or a whole clause. They come in front, mid or end position. Front Mid End Today the train actually left on time. Types of adverbial Adverbs of manner • 209 slowly, with a smile (how?) Place and time • 210 here, at the post office (where?) yesterday, next week (when?) ages, for three weeks (how long?) Adverbs of frequency • 211 often, every week (how often?) Adverbs of degree • 212 very, a bit (how?) Focus and viewpoint • 213 only, especially medically, from a political point of view Truth adverbs • 214 probably, on the whole
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Oxford University Press Walton Stre
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31 Adverbial clauses 327 32 Conditi
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VIII Acknowledgements The author an
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PAGE 1 1 English grammar 1 Summary
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PAGE 3 4 Phrases 2 There are eight
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PAGE 5 6 English compared with othe
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PAGE 7 8 Intransitive and transitiv
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PAGE 9 9 Linking verbs 9 Linking ve
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PAGE 11 10 Give, send etc 3 Which p
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PAGE 13 13 And and or 2 We can add
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PAGE 15 Statements, questions, impe
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PAGE 17 17 Negative statements 17 N
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PAGE 19 17 Negative statements NOTE
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PAGE 21 19 The imperative 19 The im
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PAGE 23 19 The imperative 5 The imp
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PAGE 25 4 Questions and answers 21
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PAGE 27 23 Inversion in questions C
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PAGE 29 25 Wh-questions: more detai
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PAGE 31 26 Question words: more det
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PAGE 33 29 Answering questions 2 We
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PAGE 35 30 Negative questions b A n
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PAGE 37 33 Indirect questions When
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PAGE 39 34 Question tags 2 Overview
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PAGE 41 35 Echo questions and echo
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PAGE 43 38 Leaving out words after
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PAGE 45 42 Leaving out words at the
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PAGE 47 43 Patterns with so, neithe
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PAGE 49 44 Some other ways of avoid
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PAGE 51 45 Special styles 4 Postcar
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PAGE 53 47 Word order and informati
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PAGE 55 49 Front position 48 The su
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PAGE 57 50 The empty subjects there
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PAGE 59 50 The empty subjects there
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PAGE 61 51 Emphasis 51 Emphasis MUS
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PAGE 63 51 Emphasis b Look at these
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PAGE 65 53 Grammar in speech and wr
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PAGE 67 54 Stress and intonation Th
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PAGE 69 55 Weak forms and short for
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PAGE 71 56 Punctuation 3 Sub clause
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PAGE 73 56 Punctuation 5 The hyphen
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PAGE 75 8 The verb phrase 57 Summar
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PAGE 77 60 The structure of the ver
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PAGE 79 62 Action verbs and state v
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PAGE 81 62 Action verbs and state v
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PAGE 83 64 Present continuous and p
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PAGE 85 65 Present perfect and past
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PAGE 87 65 Present perfect and past
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PAGE 89 66 Past continuous With tod
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PAGE 91 67 Present perfect continuo
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PAGE 93 68 Past perfect and past pe
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PAGE 95 10 The future 70 Summary Th
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PAGE 97 72 Be going to Won't can ex
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PAGE 99 75 The future continuous: w
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PAGE 101 78 Other ways of expressin
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PAGE 103 81 Overview: the future b
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PAGE 105 84 The ordinary verb be 83
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PAGE 107 85 Have (got) Possession:
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PAGE 109 86 The ordinary verb have
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PAGE 111 88 The ordinary verb do 4
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PAGE 113 12 Modal verbs 90 Summary
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PAGE 115 92 Necessity 4 A modal ver
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PAGE 117 92 Necessity In the past s
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PAGE 119 94 Permission 2 Had better
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PAGE 121 96 Probability NOTE a In i
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PAGE 123 97 Possibility 2 Can and c
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PAGE 125 99 Unreal situations: woul
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PAGE 127 101 The verb dare 100 Habi
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PAGE 129 102 Overview: the use of m
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104 The use of the passive The pass
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PAGE 133 104 The use of the passive
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PAGE 135 105 Tenses and aspects in
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PAGE 137 108 The passive with verbs
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PAGE 139 110 Passive + to-infinitiv
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PAGE 141 112 The passive to-infinit
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PAGE 143 114 Overview: active and p
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PAGE 145 For and of with a to-infin
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PAGE 147 119 The to-infinitive: pur
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PAGE 149 121 To-infinitive or gerun
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PAGE 151 122 Verb + object + to-inf
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PAGE 153 123 Adjective + to-infinit
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PAGE 155 124 Noun phrase + to-infin
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PAGE 157 126 For and of with a to-i
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PAGE 159 15 The gerund 128 Summary
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PAGE 161 131 Some patterns with the
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PAGE 163 132 Preposition + gerund W
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PAGE 165 132 Preposition + gerund 7
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PAGE 167 16 Participles 134 Summary
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PAGE 169 137 Participle + noun Here
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PAGE 171 139 Participle clauses of
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PAGE 173 140 Verb + object + partic
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PAGE 175 17 Nouns and noun phrases
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PAGE 177 143 Noun phrases 143 Noun
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PAGE 179 144 Countable and uncounta
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PAGE 181 144 Countable and uncounta
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PAGE 183 145 The plural of nouns e
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PAGE 185 146 The possessive form 2
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PAGE 187 147 Two nouns together 147
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PAGE 189 148 Phrases after a noun b
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PAGE 191 18 Agreement 150 Summary S
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PAGE 193 153 One of, a number of, e
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PAGE 195 2 Plural form - singular v
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PAGE 197 157 Number in the subject
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PAGE 199 159 The form of the articl
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PAGE 201 160 The basic use of the a
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PAGE 203 162 The article in general
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PAGE 205 166 Overview: a/an, some a
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PAGE 207 169 Articles in phrases of
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Page 220 and 221: PAGE 213 20 Possessives and demonst
Page 222 and 223: 174 Possessives 5 A friend of mine
Page 224 and 225: PAGE 217 175 Demonstratives NOTE a
Page 226 and 227: PAGE 219 21 Quantifiers 6 Summary A
Page 228 and 229: PAGE 221 177 Large and small quanti
Page 230 and 231: PAGE 223 178 Whole and part quantit
Page 232 and 233: e f PAGE 225 In positions other tha
Page 234 and 235: PAGE 227 179 Some, any and no c d e
Page 236 and 237: PAGE 229 180 Other quantifiers 180
Page 238 and 239: PAGE 231 182 Overview: quantifiers
Page 240 and 241: 22 Pronouns 183 Summary Personal pr
Page 242 and 243: PAGE 235 184 Personal pronouns c We
Page 244 and 245: PAGE 237 185 Special uses of you, o
Page 246 and 247: PAGE 239 2 Reflexive pronouns 186 R
Page 248 and 249: PAGE 241 188 One and ones 187 Overv
Page 250 and 251: PAGE 243 189 Everyone, something et
Page 252 and 253: 23 Numbers and measurements 190 Sum
Page 254 and 255: PAGE 247 193 Fractions, decimals an
Page 256 and 257: PAGE 249 195 Times and dates 195 Ti
Page 258 and 259: PAGE 251 24 Adjectives 197 Summary
Page 260 and 261: PAGE 253 199 The position of adject
Page 262 and 263: PAGE 255 3 Different meanings in di
Page 264 and 265: PAGE 257 202 The order of adjective
Page 268 and 269: PAGE 261 206 Introduction to adverb
Page 270 and 271: PAGE 263 208 The position of adverb
Page 272 and 273: PAGE 265 208 The position of adverb
Page 274 and 275: PAGE 267 210 Place and time 3 Posit
Page 276 and 277: PAGE 269 211 Adverbs of frequency 5
Page 278 and 279: PAGE 271 212 Adverbs of degree c We
Page 280 and 281: PAGE 273 212 Adverbs of degree With
Page 282 and 283: PAGE 275 214 Truth adverbs 2 Only a
Page 284 and 285: PAGE 277 216 linking adverbs Some o
Page 286 and 287: PAGE 279 218 Comparative and superl
Page 288 and 289: PAGE 281 218 Comparative and superl
Page 290 and 291: PAGE 283 221 Patterns expressing a
Page 292 and 293: PAGE 285 222 Special patterns with
Page 294 and 295: PAGE 287 224 Introduction to prepos
Page 296 and 297: 225 Prepositions of place The bus i
Page 298 and 299: PAGE 291 226 Prepositions of place:
Page 300 and 301: PAGE 293 226 Prepositions of place:
Page 302 and 303: 227 Prepositions of time 8 Between
Page 304 and 305: PAGE 297 227 Prepositions of time c
Page 306 and 307: PAGE 299 228 Prepositions: other me
Page 308 and 309: PAGE 301 229 Idiomatic phrases with
Page 310 and 311: PAGE 303 231 Verbs with adverbs and
Page 312 and 313: PAGE 305 232 Phrasal verb meanings
Page 314 and 315: PAGE 307 232 Phrasal verb meanings
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PAGE 309 You just can't live on £8
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PAGE 311 234 Verb + object + prepos
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PAGE 313 236 Adjective + prepositio
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PAGE 315 237 Noun + preposition 237
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29 Sentences with more than one cla
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PAGE 319 240 Clause combinations An
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241 Tenses in sub clauses 2 Verbs a
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30 And, or, but, so etc 243 Summary
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PAGE 325 246 Words meaning 'but' 24
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PAGE 327 31 Adverbial clauses 248 S
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2 We can use a gerund after before,
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PAGE 331 253 Other adverbial clause
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PAGE 333 32 Conditional clauses 255
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PAGE 335 257 Verbs in conditional s
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PAGE 337 257 Verbs in conditional s
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PAGE 339 259 If, as long as, unless
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PAGE 341 33 Noun clauses 260 Summar
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PAGE 343 262 Patterns with noun cla
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PAGE 345 262 Patterns with noun cla
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PAGE 347 264 Introduction to indire
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PAGE 349 266 Tell, say and ask 3 A
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PAGE 351 268 Tenses in indirect spe
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PAGE 353 269 Reporting questions d
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PAGE 355 2 Offers, warnings, apolog
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PAGE 357 272 Introduction to relati
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PAGE 359 272 Introduction to relati
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PAGE 361 273 Relative clauses witho
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PAGE 363 276 Participle relative cl
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PAGE 365 280 The relative pronoun w
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PAGE 367 36 Word-building 282 Summa
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PAGE 369 284 Prefixes 284 Prefixes
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c d e PAGE 371 Verb + ant/ent: Noun
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PAGE 373 288 Nationality words The
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PAGE 375 288 Nationality words 3 He
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PAGE 377 292 Leaving out e 2 A few
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PAGE 379 294 Consonant + y 294 Cons
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PAGE 381 298 Irregular plural endin
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PAGE 383 300 List of irregular verb
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PAGE 389 40 American English 302 Su
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PAGE 391 303 Differences with verbs
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PAGE 393 304 Differences with noun
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PAGE 395 307 Differences with conju
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PAGE 397 Glossary abstract noun See
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PAGE 399 GLOSSARY finite A finite v
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PAGE 401 GLOSSARY pair noun a plura
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PAGE 403 GLOSSARY sub clause See ma
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PAGE 405 adjective summary 197 and
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PAGE 407 anticipatory it 50(5) anxi
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PAGE 409 be about to 78(1a) past 80
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PAGE 411 chat: have a chat 87(2) ch
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PAGE 413 copula (linking verb) 9 co
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INDEX discuss with object 8(2) Note
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PAGE 417 exceed: comparative meanin
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PAGE 419 after phrasal/prepositiona
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PAGE 421 hope (noun) countable/unco
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PAGE 423 intention + to -infinitive
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PAGE 425 linking word: see conjunct
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PAGE 427 mustn't 92(4) indirect spe
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PAGE 429 INDEX after noun 160(3), 1
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PAGE 431 past simple 65 in conditio
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PAGE 433 present perfect continuous
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PAGE 435 relationship between/with
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PAGE 437 sentence 2(3) sentence adv
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PAGE 439 with phrasal/prepositional
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PAGE 441 with short form 55(2b) + t
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PAGE 443 use (noun) + gerund 131(2a
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PAGE 445 whoever in emphatic questi
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