GUIDE ENGLISH GRAMMAR BOOK

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31 Adverbial clauses 327 32 Conditional clauses 333 33 Noun clauses 341 34 Direct and indirect speech 346 35 Relative clauses 356 Word forms 36 Word-building 367 37 Word endings: pronunciation and spelling 376 38 Irregular noun plurals 380 39 Irregular verb forms 382 Appendix 40 American English 389 Glossary 397 Index 404
VII Introduction The Oxford Guide to English Grammar is a systematic account of grammatical forms and the way they are used in standard British English today. The emphasis is on meanings and how they govern the choice of grammatical pattern. The book is thorough in its coverage but pays most attention to points that are of importance to intermediate and advanced learners of English, and to their teachers. It will be found equally suitable for quick reference to details and for the more leisured study of broad grammar topics. A useful feature of the book is the inclusion of example texts and conversations, many of them authentic, to show how grammar is used in connected writing and in speech. Language changes all the time. Even though grammar changes more slowly than vocabulary, it is not a set of unalterable rules. There are sometimes disagreements about what is correct English and what is incorrect. 'Incorrect' grammar is often used in informal speech. Does that make it acceptable? Where there is a difference between common usage and opinions about correctness, I have pointed this out. This information is important for learners. In some situations it may be safer for them to use the form which is traditionally seen as correct. The use of a correct form in an unsuitable context, however, can interfere with understanding just as much as a mistake. To help learners to use language which is appropriate for a given occasion, I have frequently marked usages as formal, informal, literary and so on. How to use this book Any user of a reference book of this kind will rely on a full and efficient index, as is provided in the Oxford Guide (pages 404 to 446). In addition, there is a summary at the beginning of each chapter which gives a bird's eye view, with examples, of the grammar covered in the chapter as a whole and gives references to the individual sections which follow.
Page 2 and 3: Oxford University Press Walton Stre
Page 6 and 7: VIII Acknowledgements The author an
Page 8 and 9: PAGE 1 1 English grammar 1 Summary
Page 10 and 11: PAGE 3 4 Phrases 2 There are eight
Page 12 and 13: PAGE 5 6 English compared with othe
Page 14 and 15: PAGE 7 8 Intransitive and transitiv
Page 16 and 17: PAGE 9 9 Linking verbs 9 Linking ve
Page 18 and 19: PAGE 11 10 Give, send etc 3 Which p
Page 20 and 21: PAGE 13 13 And and or 2 We can add
Page 22 and 23: PAGE 15 Statements, questions, impe
Page 24 and 25: PAGE 17 17 Negative statements 17 N
Page 26 and 27: PAGE 19 17 Negative statements NOTE
Page 28 and 29: PAGE 21 19 The imperative 19 The im
Page 30 and 31: PAGE 23 19 The imperative 5 The imp
Page 32 and 33: PAGE 25 4 Questions and answers 21
Page 34 and 35: PAGE 27 23 Inversion in questions C
Page 36 and 37: PAGE 29 25 Wh-questions: more detai
Page 38 and 39: PAGE 31 26 Question words: more det
Page 40 and 41: PAGE 33 29 Answering questions 2 We
Page 42 and 43: PAGE 35 30 Negative questions b A n
Page 44 and 45: PAGE 37 33 Indirect questions When
Page 46 and 47: PAGE 39 34 Question tags 2 Overview
Page 48 and 49: PAGE 41 35 Echo questions and echo
Page 50 and 51: PAGE 43 38 Leaving out words after
Page 52 and 53: PAGE 45 42 Leaving out words at the
Page 54 and 55:
PAGE 47 43 Patterns with so, neithe
Page 56 and 57:
PAGE 49 44 Some other ways of avoid
Page 58 and 59:
PAGE 51 45 Special styles 4 Postcar
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PAGE 53 47 Word order and informati
Page 62 and 63:
PAGE 55 49 Front position 48 The su
Page 64 and 65:
PAGE 57 50 The empty subjects there
Page 66 and 67:
PAGE 59 50 The empty subjects there
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PAGE 61 51 Emphasis 51 Emphasis MUS
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PAGE 63 51 Emphasis b Look at these
Page 72 and 73:
PAGE 65 53 Grammar in speech and wr
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PAGE 67 54 Stress and intonation Th
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PAGE 69 55 Weak forms and short for
Page 78 and 79:
PAGE 71 56 Punctuation 3 Sub clause
Page 80 and 81:
PAGE 73 56 Punctuation 5 The hyphen
Page 82 and 83:
PAGE 75 8 The verb phrase 57 Summar
Page 84 and 85:
PAGE 77 60 The structure of the ver
Page 86 and 87:
PAGE 79 62 Action verbs and state v
Page 88 and 89:
PAGE 81 62 Action verbs and state v
Page 90 and 91:
PAGE 83 64 Present continuous and p
Page 92 and 93:
PAGE 85 65 Present perfect and past
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PAGE 87 65 Present perfect and past
Page 96 and 97:
PAGE 89 66 Past continuous With tod
Page 98 and 99:
PAGE 91 67 Present perfect continuo
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PAGE 93 68 Past perfect and past pe
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PAGE 95 10 The future 70 Summary Th
Page 104 and 105:
PAGE 97 72 Be going to Won't can ex
Page 106 and 107:
PAGE 99 75 The future continuous: w
Page 108 and 109:
PAGE 101 78 Other ways of expressin
Page 110 and 111:
PAGE 103 81 Overview: the future b
Page 112 and 113:
PAGE 105 84 The ordinary verb be 83
Page 114 and 115:
PAGE 107 85 Have (got) Possession:
Page 116 and 117:
PAGE 109 86 The ordinary verb have
Page 118 and 119:
PAGE 111 88 The ordinary verb do 4
Page 120 and 121:
PAGE 113 12 Modal verbs 90 Summary
Page 122 and 123:
PAGE 115 92 Necessity 4 A modal ver
Page 124 and 125:
PAGE 117 92 Necessity In the past s
Page 126 and 127:
PAGE 119 94 Permission 2 Had better
Page 128 and 129:
PAGE 121 96 Probability NOTE a In i
Page 130 and 131:
PAGE 123 97 Possibility 2 Can and c
Page 132 and 133:
PAGE 125 99 Unreal situations: woul
Page 134 and 135:
PAGE 127 101 The verb dare 100 Habi
Page 136 and 137:
PAGE 129 102 Overview: the use of m
Page 138 and 139:
104 The use of the passive The pass
Page 140 and 141:
PAGE 133 104 The use of the passive
Page 142 and 143:
PAGE 135 105 Tenses and aspects in
Page 144 and 145:
PAGE 137 108 The passive with verbs
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PAGE 139 110 Passive + to-infinitiv
Page 148 and 149:
PAGE 141 112 The passive to-infinit
Page 150 and 151:
PAGE 143 114 Overview: active and p
Page 152 and 153:
PAGE 145 For and of with a to-infin
Page 154 and 155:
PAGE 147 119 The to-infinitive: pur
Page 156 and 157:
PAGE 149 121 To-infinitive or gerun
Page 158 and 159:
PAGE 151 122 Verb + object + to-inf
Page 160 and 161:
PAGE 153 123 Adjective + to-infinit
Page 162 and 163:
PAGE 155 124 Noun phrase + to-infin
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PAGE 157 126 For and of with a to-i
Page 166 and 167:
PAGE 159 15 The gerund 128 Summary
Page 168 and 169:
PAGE 161 131 Some patterns with the
Page 170 and 171:
PAGE 163 132 Preposition + gerund W
Page 172 and 173:
PAGE 165 132 Preposition + gerund 7
Page 174 and 175:
PAGE 167 16 Participles 134 Summary
Page 176 and 177:
PAGE 169 137 Participle + noun Here
Page 178 and 179:
PAGE 171 139 Participle clauses of
Page 180 and 181:
PAGE 173 140 Verb + object + partic
Page 182 and 183:
PAGE 175 17 Nouns and noun phrases
Page 184 and 185:
PAGE 177 143 Noun phrases 143 Noun
Page 186 and 187:
PAGE 179 144 Countable and uncounta
Page 188 and 189:
PAGE 181 144 Countable and uncounta
Page 190 and 191:
PAGE 183 145 The plural of nouns e
Page 192 and 193:
PAGE 185 146 The possessive form 2
Page 194 and 195:
PAGE 187 147 Two nouns together 147
Page 196 and 197:
PAGE 189 148 Phrases after a noun b
Page 198 and 199:
PAGE 191 18 Agreement 150 Summary S
Page 200 and 201:
PAGE 193 153 One of, a number of, e
Page 202 and 203:
PAGE 195 2 Plural form - singular v
Page 204 and 205:
PAGE 197 157 Number in the subject
Page 206 and 207:
PAGE 199 159 The form of the articl
Page 208 and 209:
PAGE 201 160 The basic use of the a
Page 210 and 211:
PAGE 203 162 The article in general
Page 212 and 213:
PAGE 205 166 Overview: a/an, some a
Page 214 and 215:
PAGE 207 169 Articles in phrases of
Page 216 and 217:
8 Phrases with last and next These
Page 218 and 219:
PAGE 211 171 Place names and the d
Page 220 and 221:
PAGE 213 20 Possessives and demonst
Page 222 and 223:
174 Possessives 5 A friend of mine
Page 224 and 225:
PAGE 217 175 Demonstratives NOTE a
Page 226 and 227:
PAGE 219 21 Quantifiers 6 Summary A
Page 228 and 229:
PAGE 221 177 Large and small quanti
Page 230 and 231:
PAGE 223 178 Whole and part quantit
Page 232 and 233:
e f PAGE 225 In positions other tha
Page 234 and 235:
PAGE 227 179 Some, any and no c d e
Page 236 and 237:
PAGE 229 180 Other quantifiers 180
Page 238 and 239:
PAGE 231 182 Overview: quantifiers
Page 240 and 241:
22 Pronouns 183 Summary Personal pr
Page 242 and 243:
PAGE 235 184 Personal pronouns c We
Page 244 and 245:
PAGE 237 185 Special uses of you, o
Page 246 and 247:
PAGE 239 2 Reflexive pronouns 186 R
Page 248 and 249:
PAGE 241 188 One and ones 187 Overv
Page 250 and 251:
PAGE 243 189 Everyone, something et
Page 252 and 253:
23 Numbers and measurements 190 Sum
Page 254 and 255:
PAGE 247 193 Fractions, decimals an
Page 256 and 257:
PAGE 249 195 Times and dates 195 Ti
Page 258 and 259:
PAGE 251 24 Adjectives 197 Summary
Page 260 and 261:
PAGE 253 199 The position of adject
Page 262 and 263:
PAGE 255 3 Different meanings in di
Page 264 and 265:
PAGE 257 202 The order of adjective
Page 266 and 267:
PAGE 259 204 The + adjective The ad
Page 268 and 269:
PAGE 261 206 Introduction to adverb
Page 270 and 271:
PAGE 263 208 The position of adverb
Page 272 and 273:
PAGE 265 208 The position of adverb
Page 274 and 275:
PAGE 267 210 Place and time 3 Posit
Page 276 and 277:
PAGE 269 211 Adverbs of frequency 5
Page 278 and 279:
PAGE 271 212 Adverbs of degree c We
Page 280 and 281:
PAGE 273 212 Adverbs of degree With
Page 282 and 283:
PAGE 275 214 Truth adverbs 2 Only a
Page 284 and 285:
PAGE 277 216 linking adverbs Some o
Page 286 and 287:
PAGE 279 218 Comparative and superl
Page 288 and 289:
PAGE 281 218 Comparative and superl
Page 290 and 291:
PAGE 283 221 Patterns expressing a
Page 292 and 293:
PAGE 285 222 Special patterns with
Page 294 and 295:
PAGE 287 224 Introduction to prepos
Page 296 and 297:
225 Prepositions of place The bus i
Page 298 and 299:
PAGE 291 226 Prepositions of place:
Page 300 and 301:
PAGE 293 226 Prepositions of place:
Page 302 and 303:
227 Prepositions of time 8 Between
Page 304 and 305:
PAGE 297 227 Prepositions of time c
Page 306 and 307:
PAGE 299 228 Prepositions: other me
Page 308 and 309:
PAGE 301 229 Idiomatic phrases with
Page 310 and 311:
PAGE 303 231 Verbs with adverbs and
Page 312 and 313:
PAGE 305 232 Phrasal verb meanings
Page 314 and 315:
PAGE 307 232 Phrasal verb meanings
Page 316 and 317:
PAGE 309 You just can't live on £8
Page 318 and 319:
PAGE 311 234 Verb + object + prepos
Page 320 and 321:
PAGE 313 236 Adjective + prepositio
Page 322 and 323:
PAGE 315 237 Noun + preposition 237
Page 324 and 325:
29 Sentences with more than one cla
Page 326 and 327:
PAGE 319 240 Clause combinations An
Page 328 and 329:
241 Tenses in sub clauses 2 Verbs a
Page 330 and 331:
30 And, or, but, so etc 243 Summary
Page 332 and 333:
PAGE 325 246 Words meaning 'but' 24
Page 334 and 335:
PAGE 327 31 Adverbial clauses 248 S
Page 336 and 337:
2 We can use a gerund after before,
Page 338 and 339:
PAGE 331 253 Other adverbial clause
Page 340 and 341:
PAGE 333 32 Conditional clauses 255
Page 342 and 343:
PAGE 335 257 Verbs in conditional s
Page 344 and 345:
PAGE 337 257 Verbs in conditional s
Page 346 and 347:
PAGE 339 259 If, as long as, unless
Page 348 and 349:
PAGE 341 33 Noun clauses 260 Summar
Page 350 and 351:
PAGE 343 262 Patterns with noun cla
Page 352 and 353:
PAGE 345 262 Patterns with noun cla
Page 354 and 355:
PAGE 347 264 Introduction to indire
Page 356 and 357:
PAGE 349 266 Tell, say and ask 3 A
Page 358 and 359:
PAGE 351 268 Tenses in indirect spe
Page 360 and 361:
PAGE 353 269 Reporting questions d
Page 362 and 363:
PAGE 355 2 Offers, warnings, apolog
Page 364 and 365:
PAGE 357 272 Introduction to relati
Page 366 and 367:
PAGE 359 272 Introduction to relati
Page 368 and 369:
PAGE 361 273 Relative clauses witho
Page 370 and 371:
PAGE 363 276 Participle relative cl
Page 372 and 373:
PAGE 365 280 The relative pronoun w
Page 374 and 375:
PAGE 367 36 Word-building 282 Summa
Page 376 and 377:
PAGE 369 284 Prefixes 284 Prefixes
Page 378 and 379:
c d e PAGE 371 Verb + ant/ent: Noun
Page 380 and 381:
PAGE 373 288 Nationality words The
Page 382 and 383:
PAGE 375 288 Nationality words 3 He
Page 384 and 385:
PAGE 377 292 Leaving out e 2 A few
Page 386 and 387:
PAGE 379 294 Consonant + y 294 Cons
Page 388 and 389:
PAGE 381 298 Irregular plural endin
Page 390 and 391:
PAGE 383 300 List of irregular verb
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
PAGE 389 40 American English 302 Su
Page 398 and 399:
PAGE 391 303 Differences with verbs
Page 400 and 401:
PAGE 393 304 Differences with noun
Page 402 and 403:
PAGE 395 307 Differences with conju
Page 404 and 405:
PAGE 397 Glossary abstract noun See
Page 406 and 407:
PAGE 399 GLOSSARY finite A finite v
Page 408 and 409:
PAGE 401 GLOSSARY pair noun a plura
Page 410 and 411:
PAGE 403 GLOSSARY sub clause See ma
Page 412 and 413:
PAGE 405 adjective summary 197 and
Page 414 and 415:
PAGE 407 anticipatory it 50(5) anxi
Page 416 and 417:
PAGE 409 be about to 78(1a) past 80
Page 418 and 419:
PAGE 411 chat: have a chat 87(2) ch
Page 420 and 421:
PAGE 413 copula (linking verb) 9 co
Page 422 and 423:
INDEX discuss with object 8(2) Note
Page 424 and 425:
PAGE 417 exceed: comparative meanin
Page 426 and 427:
PAGE 419 after phrasal/prepositiona
Page 428 and 429:
PAGE 421 hope (noun) countable/unco
Page 430 and 431:
PAGE 423 intention + to -infinitive
Page 432 and 433:
PAGE 425 linking word: see conjunct
Page 434 and 435:
PAGE 427 mustn't 92(4) indirect spe
Page 436 and 437:
PAGE 429 INDEX after noun 160(3), 1
Page 438 and 439:
PAGE 431 past simple 65 in conditio
Page 440 and 441:
PAGE 433 present perfect continuous
Page 442 and 443:
PAGE 435 relationship between/with
Page 444 and 445:
PAGE 437 sentence 2(3) sentence adv
Page 446 and 447:
PAGE 439 with phrasal/prepositional
Page 448 and 449:
PAGE 441 with short form 55(2b) + t
Page 450 and 451:
PAGE 443 use (noun) + gerund 131(2a
Page 452 and 453:
PAGE 445 whoever in emphatic questi
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