CO2 Sequestration through Deep Saline Injection and ...

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3.2. BIO-REACTOR DESIGN 3.2.1. Principles and Theory To effectively design a photobioreactor (PBR) for the purposes of CO2 sequestration, it is paramount to understand the principles that govern photosynthesis and the parameters that control CO2 fixation. A first principles model has been developed that allows for the optimization or reactor parameters such that the highest sequestration rate can be obtained. In addition the scale-up parameters have been identified. Design Principles The most important consideration in the utilization of light for photosynthesis is the saturation light intensity. The saturation light intensity is the light intensity at which the pigments within the photosynthetic organisms become overloaded with light and no longer efficiently use light. Figure 3 shows the light utilization efficiency and photosynthetic efficiency as a function of light intensity. Figure 3 Photosynthetic Efficiency vs Light Intensity [28] Here, Io is the incident light intensity and Is is the saturation light intensity. The light utilization efficiency is defined as the light used in photosynthesis over the incident photosyntheticly active radient (PAR) and given the symbol Es. The overall photosynthetic efficiency is the biomass energy over the incident PAR and can generally be taken as 0.20*Es [29]. At an incident light intensity below the saturation light intensity, the light utilization efficiency remains at 100%, and the photosynthetic efficiency remains at 20%. Above the saturation light intensity, both efficiencies drop off dramatically according to the following equation [29]. The following equation is valid for Is > Io. For Is < Io, Es=1. Is ⎛ Is ⎞ Es = ln ⎜ + 1⎟ (1) Io ⎝ Io ⎠ 12
Because of the expense of the light collection system, it is important that the light be utilized as efficiently as possible. A loss of efficiency in utilization results in a larger and much more expensive light collection system. It is important, then, not to exceed the saturation light intensity within the PBR. More importantly, photosynthesis is a photochemical reaction and the rate can them be determined from the utilization efficiency (Et) and the absorbed light [30, 31]. The absorbed light is governed by the Beer-Lambert law [32]. For a cylindrical system, the Beer-Lambert derivation yields Eq. (2), and for a cubic system it yields Eq. (3). Eq. (2) is used for radiant light intensity from a cylindrical lamp or radius ro at a distance r from the center of the lamp [33]. Eq. (3) is useful from the determining the light intensity from a distance x from a radiating plate. rI = ( − ( − )) (2) r 0 0 I exp a r r0 0 exp ( ) I = I −ax (3) Here, Io is the incident light intensity and a is the extinction coefficient. If the light path is small and the concentration is low a=εC, where ε is the specific light absorption coefficient and C is the cellular concentration. However, this simple relation does not account for attenuation due to cellular reflection or light path length. A more accurate model for a is expressed in Eq. (4) [33]. ε mC a = ( K + C)( K + x) c x If C
Page 1 and 2: CO2 Sequestration through Deep Sali
Page 3 and 4: 5. Part IV: Deep Saline Aquifer Inj
Page 5 and 6: desirable to store CO2 under physic
Page 7 and 8: accepted [11, 12]. To further maxim
Page 9 and 10: management will to an extent seques
Page 11: Scheme of IGCC Air N 2 O 2 Gasifier
Page 15 and 16: the change in rate with respect to
Page 17 and 18: measurements were performed for Syn
Page 19 and 20: A model was developed to address th
Page 21 and 22: Figure 10 Light Intensity Distribut
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Page 25 and 26: Figure 13 Average daily solar irrad
Page 27 and 28: Figure 14 Schematic representing th
Page 29 and 30: The cascading closed loop cycle (CC
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Page 33 and 34: generation equipment. The light tra
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Page 37 and 38: Figure 24 Conventional Heliostats [
Page 39 and 40: Figure 28 An orientation of a 100%
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Page 43 and 44: Because most of the costs involved
Page 45 and 46: 5. PART IV: DEEP SALINE AQUIFER INJ
Page 47 and 48: 5.2.2. Solubility Trapping Addition
Page 49 and 50: − + + HCO 3 + Ca2 � CaCO 3(s) +
Page 51 and 52: impede multi-phase fluid flow due t
Page 53 and 54: Potential leakages pathways through
Page 55 and 56: 5.5. INJECTION MODELING A small num
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Figure 49 CO2 saturation of matrix
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of -800m. The system was designed s
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Fe + CO 2 + H2O � FeCO 3 + H 2 (2
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effect” can be observed on the se
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• Cascading multiple turbo-expand
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Propane is a naturally occurring hy
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investigation. However, the case sh
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8. REFERENCES 1. Special Report on
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38. Bennewitz, P. Designing an appa
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80. Pruess, K, T Xu, J Apps, and J
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Appendix A Literature Review
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Table of Contents Team Objectives .
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Team Objectives As awareness of the
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Figure 1 CO2 Phase Diagram [3] As i
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Transportation It is preferred to t
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(a) (b) Figure 6 Sensitivity of flo
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will need to convince those sectors
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Figure 7 U.S. coal seams distribute
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proximity technology. Capture costs
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Table 1 EOR Injection Statistics [3
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Geologic Sequestration: Deep Saline
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Figure 11 Subsurface temperature an
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Figure 12 The magenta line represen
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Although there is little data to su
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through marine organisms. It has be
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Biological Sequestration: Terrestri
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wheat, bamboo) and wood is being pr
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Kandji stated that the carbon seque
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Table 5 Composition of various mine
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pressure; then the Mg 2+ is liberat
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Aqueous carbonation In an aqueous p
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Biological Sequestration: Industria
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Indoor closed systems have the adva
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are defined above, and Is was 45W/m
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technology was developed to allow f
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References 1. IPCC, Special Report
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34. Gunter, WD, MJ Mavor, and JR Ro
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70. Tschakert, P. The costs of soil
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106. Singh, S, BN Kate, and UC Bane
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syms axd adx x d Io c em=50; kc=2.7
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ylabel('PAR Light Intensity [W/m^2]
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The following procedure was used in
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Procedure: 1. Solve for the intensi
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Add Equipment Edit Equipment User A
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Add Materials Material Classificati
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Probable Variation of Key Parameter
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Cumulative Cash Position Data 1000
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Power Preference kilowatts 1 kW / k
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Centrifugal pump 3.3892 0.0536 0.15
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Name Total Module Cost Grass Roots
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Project Value (millions of dollars)
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Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return
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Payback Period Data 1000 Low DPBP 3
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Compressor Data (without electric m
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Materail Factors, FM Shell - CS CS
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Equations of state utilize expanded
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REFERENCES 1. Peng, D.Y. and D.B. R
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As stated before, the equation that
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Appendix G Stream Property Table fo
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Stream Number 109 110 111 112 113 1
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Stream Number 128 129 Temperature C
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