CO2 Sequestration through Deep Saline Injection and ...

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Light Intensity (W/m^2) a 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Distance (cm) Figure 7 Light Intensity Distribution between Plates with Reflection Considered Equation 8 can be used to iteratively calculate the apparent light intensity at x=0. Here, x is the position between plates, d is the distance between the parallel plates, and Iapp denotes the apparent light intensity. The remaining parameters are the same as those in Eqs. (3) and (4). The light not utilized in photosynthesis can be calculated by keeping track of Iapp with pct set to unity and subtracting Iapp with the desired pct once the iteration is complete. 2 ⎛ −2ε mCd ⎞ Iappnew = I0+ pct ⋅Iapp exp ⎜ ⎝( Kc + C)( Kx + d) ⎠ ⎟ The apparent light intensity calculated in the iteration is then used to calculate the light intensity at the boundary with illumination from both boundaries (x=0 and x=d). This can be calculated by adding the apparent light intensity to the transmitted light intensity using Eqs. (3) and (4) with x set to the spacing between the plates and Io set to the apparent light intensity found using Eq.(8). This is shown in Eq. (9). The input light intensity can then be adjusted until the light intensity at the boundaries is at the saturation light intensity. ( ) ( ) ⎛ ⎛ −ε mCx ⎞ ⎛ −εmC d −x ⎞⎞ I = Iapp ⎜exp + exp ⎟ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ( Kc + C)( Kx + x) ⎜( Kc + C)( Kx + d −x ) ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎟ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ 18 (8) (9)
A model was developed to address the issues above. The computer program first calculates the luminous intensity at the plates as a function of cellular concentration, distance between the plates, pct, and light intensity introduced into the reactor. The light intensity fed into the reactor was adjusted a loop until there was no point between the plates that exceeded the saturation light intensity. The rate was then calculated under those conditions and the concentration and rate were saved as data points. The concentration was stepped up and the loop and rate was calculated again. A full set of these rates was calculated as a function of cellular concentration with the constraint that the light intensity not exceed the saturation light intensity. The maximum volumetric rate was calculated and the associated cellular concentration was identified. The sequestration rate normalized by the plate area (ASR) was calculated from the volumetric rate and d was adjusted manually until the ASR was maximized. A copy of the computer program can be found in Appendix B. Figure 8 shows the simplified logic diagram for the computer program. Figure 8 Computational Logic Diagram Figure 9 shows the rate of CO2 fixation as a function of cellular concentration under optimal conditions. Figure 10 shows the light intensity distribution between the luminous plates at the conditions of the maximum rate. It is important to note that the luminous intensity does not exceed the saturation intensity (45 W/m 2 ) within the reactor body, nor does the intensity between the plates drop far from the saturation intensity. This is important because it ensures that the entire volume of the reactor is operating at or close to maximum efficiency and rate. 19
Page 1 and 2: CO2 Sequestration through Deep Sali
Page 3 and 4: 5. Part IV: Deep Saline Aquifer Inj
Page 5 and 6: desirable to store CO2 under physic
Page 7 and 8: accepted [11, 12]. To further maxim
Page 9 and 10: management will to an extent seques
Page 11 and 12: Scheme of IGCC Air N 2 O 2 Gasifier
Page 13 and 14: Because of the expense of the light
Page 15 and 16: the change in rate with respect to
Page 17: measurements were performed for Syn
Page 21 and 22: Figure 10 Light Intensity Distribut
Page 23 and 24: will be used to power light-emittin
Page 25 and 26: Figure 13 Average daily solar irrad
Page 27 and 28: Figure 14 Schematic representing th
Page 29 and 30: The cascading closed loop cycle (CC
Page 31 and 32: e able to use the full spectrum of
Page 33 and 34: generation equipment. The light tra
Page 35 and 36: The reflectors are slightly curve a
Page 37 and 38: Figure 24 Conventional Heliostats [
Page 39 and 40: Figure 28 An orientation of a 100%
Page 41 and 42: towers such that 9 of the towers (s
Page 43 and 44: Because most of the costs involved
Page 45 and 46: 5. PART IV: DEEP SALINE AQUIFER INJ
Page 47 and 48: 5.2.2. Solubility Trapping Addition
Page 49 and 50: − + + HCO 3 + Ca2 � CaCO 3(s) +
Page 51 and 52: impede multi-phase fluid flow due t
Page 53 and 54: Potential leakages pathways through
Page 55 and 56: 5.5. INJECTION MODELING A small num
Page 57 and 58: (m 2 ), gas viscosity under reservo
Page 59 and 60: A more accurate analysis of these c
Page 61 and 62: Scenarios of injection rate were ex
Page 63 and 64: Figure 49 CO2 saturation of matrix
Page 65 and 66: of -800m. The system was designed s
Page 67 and 68: Fe + CO 2 + H2O � FeCO 3 + H 2 (2
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effect” can be observed on the se
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• Cascading multiple turbo-expand
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Propane is a naturally occurring hy
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investigation. However, the case sh
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8. REFERENCES 1. Special Report on
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38. Bennewitz, P. Designing an appa
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80. Pruess, K, T Xu, J Apps, and J
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Appendix A Literature Review
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Table of Contents Team Objectives .
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Team Objectives As awareness of the
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Figure 1 CO2 Phase Diagram [3] As i
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Transportation It is preferred to t
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(a) (b) Figure 6 Sensitivity of flo
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will need to convince those sectors
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Figure 7 U.S. coal seams distribute
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proximity technology. Capture costs
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Table 1 EOR Injection Statistics [3
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Geologic Sequestration: Deep Saline
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Figure 11 Subsurface temperature an
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Figure 12 The magenta line represen
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Although there is little data to su
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through marine organisms. It has be
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Biological Sequestration: Terrestri
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wheat, bamboo) and wood is being pr
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Kandji stated that the carbon seque
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Table 5 Composition of various mine
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pressure; then the Mg 2+ is liberat
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Aqueous carbonation In an aqueous p
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Biological Sequestration: Industria
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Indoor closed systems have the adva
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are defined above, and Is was 45W/m
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technology was developed to allow f
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References 1. IPCC, Special Report
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34. Gunter, WD, MJ Mavor, and JR Ro
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70. Tschakert, P. The costs of soil
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106. Singh, S, BN Kate, and UC Bane
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syms axd adx x d Io c em=50; kc=2.7
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ylabel('PAR Light Intensity [W/m^2]
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The following procedure was used in
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Procedure: 1. Solve for the intensi
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Add Equipment Edit Equipment User A
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Add Materials Material Classificati
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Probable Variation of Key Parameter
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Cumulative Cash Position Data 1000
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Power Preference kilowatts 1 kW / k
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Centrifugal pump 3.3892 0.0536 0.15
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Name Total Module Cost Grass Roots
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Project Value (millions of dollars)
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Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return
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Payback Period Data 1000 Low DPBP 3
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Compressor Data (without electric m
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Materail Factors, FM Shell - CS CS
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Equations of state utilize expanded
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REFERENCES 1. Peng, D.Y. and D.B. R
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As stated before, the equation that
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Appendix G Stream Property Table fo
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Stream Number 109 110 111 112 113 1
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Stream Number 128 129 Temperature C
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