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REPORT 66 MAR-APR 2006 SPACES
Text: Melissa Jenkins and Elke Selter CONSERVATION AND KATHMANDU CONSERVATION is often considered a ‘Western’ concept. Since the 19 th century Europeans have been working towards the preservation of cultural heritage inherited from past generations. In 1931 a group of experts met in Athens to prepare the first International Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments (Athens Charter) and in 1964 a second major document was prepared: The Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites. Both were prepared by Western experts, clearly displaying a western bias, and have been treated as seminal texts for conservation since their publication. Non-Western societies, however, have always had their own method to care for heritage, a phenomenon that has long been overlooked by western conservation specialists. In many cultures, conservation has traditionally been dealt with at a community level. In the Kathmandu Valley the ‘guthis’, socio-religious groups that advise on religious and development oriented social issues, assumed the responsibility for the maintenance of religious monuments. This community-based system organised community participation and has enabled generation after generation to enjoy the Newar architecture and cultural traditons. The guthi have their own concepts of conservation, linked to local ideas, geographical and technical constraints and this system is still in use today. Additionally, because of earthquakes in the region, people from the Kathmandu Valley have long been forced to renew their heritage. After the 1934 earthquake, New Road was fully rebuilt in Rana style, the most fashionable at the time, whilst the original buildings had been Malla style. These traditional systems have gradually been challenged by international concepts of conservation, which are reflected in the national policy (Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of Nepal- 1956). On an international level, ideas have progressed and are more open towards multicultural systems. The Nara Document on Authenticity builds on the precepts of the Venice Charter, but essentially recognizes SPACES MAR-APR 2006 67
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