UJ #14 - Qhapac Ñan

THE GREAT INCA TRAIL 

QHAPAQ ÑAN 

REDISCOVERING THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE INCAS 

Interview with François Morin, 

Business Development Director of LimaTours 

1

2

3

CURRENT ISSUES / 8 

QHAPAQ ÑAN A LIVING LEGACY / 14 

IN MEMORIAM / 12 

QHAPAQ ÑAN: 

MAP OF THE 

ANDEAN ROAD 

SYSTEM / 17 

INFOGRAPHIC 

ANCESTRAL 

TREASURES / 22 

INDEX 

REDISCOVERING THE 

FOOTSTEPS OF 

THE INCAS / 24 

MAP OF THE 

HUANUCO PAMPA ROUTE / 38 

INTERVIEW TO FRANÇOIS MORIN / 40 

Business Development Director of LimaTours

This edition of Ultimate 

Journeys - Travel in Peru was 

produced by LimaTours’ 

marketing team. 

UJ GENERAL DIRECTOR 

Gerardo Sugay 

CONTENT DIRECTOR 

Gerardo Sugay 

Ana Paula Albín 

Ximena Arrieta 

SEARCHING FOR THE LEGACY FAR FROM THE ASPHALT / 48 

INFOGRAPHIC 

PERU’S GREAT 

RICHES / 60 

GENERAL EDITOR 


GENERAL COORDINATOR 

Karla Huertas 

ART DIRECTOR 

LimaTours 

GRAPHIC DESIGN 

Sergio Salazar 

QHAPAQ CAMP 

MAP / 76 

THE ROAD OF ALL OF US / 62 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Juan Diego León 

INFOGRAPHICS 

LimaTours 

EDITORIAL STAFF 


PHOTOGRAPHS 

Archivo LimaTours 

Archivo KM Cero 

Archivo Qhapaq Ñan - Sede 

Nacional 

Kevin Floerke 



Ana Paula Albín 

INTERVIEW TO NICK STANZIANO 

AND JOHN LEIVERS / 78 

CALENDAR / 82 

COVER PAGE PHOTO CREDIT 

Qhapaq Ñan Project’s 

National Office

EDITORIAL 

DEAR READER: 

At LimaTours, we believe that, to offer unforgettable memories, it is necessary to go to the roots of 

our country, experiencing and researching it in depth. For this reason, in this new edition of Ultimate 

Journeys – Travel in Peru, we want to take you to the past in a memorable visit to our country along a path 

of exuberant richness and traditions that have remained alive for more than 500 years. 

Tour the Qhapaq Ñan with us, the backbone of the Inca Empire (Tahuantinsuyo). This road system 

covers a large part of South America and is considered one of the most important engineering works in 

the world, both for the quality of its construction and the rugged geography that surrounds it. 

This issue of Ultimate Journeys – Travel in Peru will immerse you in the world of this thousand-year-old 

culture and its legacy, which lasts until today. Join ‘The Great Inca Trail’ expedition of which LimaTours is 

an integral part, in what used to be its 3,200-km trek along the Qhapaq Ñan, and discover the treasures 

it protects. 

Embark on a trip by the communities located in deepest Peru, where the Inca Trail is still used, and 

explore their relationship with this wonder. Also learn about the Qhapaq Ñan’s integrating capacity 

and the work performed to include it on the UNESCO World Heritage List, a historical candidacy that 

required the participation of the six countries that share it. 

Be blown away by Peru’s mystical aspect that stands out for its heritage and makes us proud of its 

customs that transform us into a multicultural country. 

Happy reading and good learning! 

Your friends at LimaTours

PROUD 

INNOVATORS FOR 

PERU´S DEVELOPMENT 

LimaTours has won the Business Creativity Award five 

times for the most innovative proposals. We have been 

selected among thousands of companies with extensive 

experience and national renown. 

WINNING PROJECTS 

2005 - Peru Collection 

2006 - Wings Over Peru 

2008 - Peru Gourmet 

2014 - Ultimate Journeys 

2017 - Qhapaq Ñan Project 

an expedition along the Great 

Inca Trail, which aims to renew 

its value and collaborate with 

the development of Andean 

communities.

CURRENT ISSUES 

Maido restaurant was placed first on the list 

of the fifty best restaurants in the region at 

the fifth edition of Latin America’s 50 best 

restaurants held in Bogota, Colombia. The 

establishment managed by Chef Mitsuharu 

Tsumura took the first place from Central led 


by Virgilio Martinez, which topped the ranking 

for three consecutive years and was placed 

second now. Astrid y Gaston restaurant also 

ranked among the Top 10 of the event as 

number 7. 

Maido 

Maido 

Central 

Restaurante Central 

This is the first time that a Peruvian museum has 

been included among the 25 best museums in 

the world at the Traveller’s Choice Awards on 

TripAdvisor’s web platform. The Larco Museum 

won the 22nd place on the ranking with 

more than 8,000 comments. Other national 

attractions considered were Machu Picchu (8th 

place in the category of ‘Most popular places’) 

and Cusco (25th place in the category of ‘Most 

popular destinations’). 

Museo Larco 

MAIDO IS THE BEST 

RESTAURANT IN LATIN 

AMERICA 

LARCO MUSEUM, 

THE TRAVELERS’ 

FAVORITE 

LimaTours 

Astrid y Gaston 

Maido 

Maido 

Astrid y Gastón 

Maido 

8

LimaTours 

PROMPERU LAUNCHES A 

NEW CAMPAIGN 

LimaTours 

The Commission for the Promotion of 

Peruvian Exports and Tourism (PromPeru) 

presented its most recent campaign at the 

World Travel Market in London under the 

slogan “Peru, the richest country in the 

world.” This campaign aims to attract foreign 

audiences to learn about the incomparable 

riches the country has to offer in terms of 

culture, nature, gastronomy and adventure. 

DISCOVER THE 

PERUVIAN RAINFOREST 

ON THE “AMAZON STAR” 

The “Amazon Star” offers a dream journey. The 

cruise will get its crew as close to nature as never 

before. Sailing away from Iquitos, the route will 

cruise the Amazon, Marañon and Ucayali rivers, 

where the guests will travel on 15 luxury cabins with 

private balcony. The five- and seven-day programs 

include full board, kayak and paddle, night time 

explorations in the jungle and sighting of species 

such as the pygmy marmoset and the pink dolphin. 

Departures start in January 2018. 

LimaTours 

9


Hotel Inkaterra La Casona 

Hotel 

Inkaterra 

La Casona 

PERUVIAN HOTELS 

RANK AMONG THE 

BEST IN THE WORLD 

Ten other hotels were recognized by the readers 

of Condé Nast magazine at the Readers’ Choice 

Awards 2017. In the category of Best Hotel in South 

America stood out Inkaterra La Casona - Cusco (2nd 

place), Inkaterra Machu Picchu Pueblo Hotel – Aguas 

Calientes (3rd place), Country Club Lima Hotel (9th 

place), Belmond Hotel Monasterio - Cusco (10th 

place), Palacio del Inka Luxury Collection - Cusco 

(12th place), Sumaq Machu Picchu Hotel – Aguas 

Calientes (14th place), JW Marriot El Convento 

Cusco (20th place), Belmond Miraflores Park - Lima 

(21st place), JW Marriott Hotel - Lima (24thplace) 

and Belmond Sanctuary Lodge -Machu Picchu 

(25th place). 

The Travel and Leisure magazine included the 

Belmond Palacio Nazarenas and Tambo del Inka, 

a Luxury Collection Resort & Spa, on its list of the 

best 100 hotels in 2017. Both lodgings are located 

in Cusco and ranked 67th and 90th, respectively. 

The selected hotels are evaluated by the readers 

of the publication based on their location, services, 

food, facilities and general value. 

Hotel Inkaterra Machu 

Picchu Pueblo 

Hotel Inkaterra Machu Picchu Pueblo 

Belmond Hotel Monasterio 

Hotel Country Club de Lima 

Hotel Country Club de Lima 

Belmond Hotel Monasterio 

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Shutterstock 

THE HUACACHINA 

OASIS, AN IMPRESSIVE 

DESTINATION 

The British newspaper The Telegraph highlighted 

the great attractions offered by the Huacachina 

Oasis. “Known among tourists as a sandboarding 

destination, this oasis is worth a visit for its location 

alone, hidden among golden dunes in the desert 

outside Ica.” This was the only Latin American 

destination mentioned on the list of “21 of the 

world’s most dramatic villages”, selected for its 

lodgings and activities such as buggy rides and 

paragliding. 

LimaTours 

11

IN MEMORIAM 

CARLOS ALBERTO IN THE HEART OF LIMATOURS 

The loss of Carlos Alberto Arrarte, Chairman of the Board of 

LimaTours, leaves a great sadness for all of us who worked 

alongside him. Some people get the sympathy of others quickly, 

and Carlos was one of them, always leaving a lesson in hard work 

and conviction that we try to follow day by day. 

As the son of our founder, Eduardo R. Arrarte, tourism was part 

of Carlos Alberto’s life from the time he was a little boy. His father 

instilled in him and his siblings the idea of continuing with the 

family business, and so he did. From 1980 to 1991, after finishing 

his studies at the University of Pennsylvania, Carlos held the 

position of LimaTours’ Receptive Tourism Manager in Lima, and 

later, in Miami. 

In 1991, Carlos left LimaTours, joining Hertz Rent a Car as the 

Director of Marketing for Latin America and The Caribbean based 

in Miami. Carlos returned to LimaTours as General Manager 

1997, and remained at the helm of the company until 2013, 

when LimaTours was sold to TUI Travel PLC and he was named 

Chairman of the Board. Additionally, he assumed the presidency 

of Expediciones Amazonicas in 2014. 

Carlos was a long time member of ASTA the American Society of 

Travel Agents (ASTA), founder president of the South American 

Travel Association (SATA) and member of the United States Tour 

Operators Association (USTOA). He was a director of the Peruvian 

Association of Receptive Tourism Operators (APOTUR) from 1998 

to 2004; executive director and vice-president of the National 

Tourism Camera (CANATUR) from 2000 to 2004. Carlos was a 

member of the board of directors at TURPERU from 1997 to 2010. 

He also was a leader in not-for-profit tourism development. He 

was the founder and president of the LimaTours Foundation, as 

well as Turismo Cuida, the Peruvian chapter of Tourism Cares. 

Carlos also was a board member of the Sustainable Preservation 

Initiative (SPI) and had recently been named Peru’s representative 

on the Global Sustainable Tourism Council. 

Innovation was one of the characteristics of Carlos Alberto’s 

work, as he developed unique travel concepts that built on the 

richness of our country to create unforgettable experiences. 

Under his management, LimaTours was a pioneer in Amazon 

cruises, building our own ship: The Amazon Star. He also created 

the concept of the Peru Collection, a luxury tourism program that 

focuses on bespoke itineraries designed around gastronomy, 

adventure tourism and health and wellness activities. Plan Wallata, 

Carlos’s ongoing major project, will turn the ancient Andean village 

of Ollantaytambo, the jumping off point for a trip to Machu Picchu, 

into a living Inca town, bringing back traditional economic activity 

and preserving Ollanta’s rich cultural heritage. 

As a renowned tourism executive in Peru, Carlos was an industry 

leader in sustainable growth. He understood that the travel 

industry is intimately tied to the communities it touches, and 

that sustainable growth is based on thoughtful development in 

tourism-rich areas. He also was passionate about protecting the 

environment and believed responsible travel was key to longterm 

business success. To help support this vision, Carlos created 

the LimaTours Foundation, a not-for-profit arm of LimaTours 

dedicated to managing and promoting the company’s social 

responsibility work with projects in villages such as Huilloc, where 

the Foundation helped the community develop a village home 

stay program; and the Plan Wallata, which includes a focus on 

tourism development in the villages of the Sacred Valley in Cusco. 

Thanks to these projects, thousands of people who live in Huilloc 

and the many villages in the Ollantaytambo district are slowly 

strengthening their national identity and improving their quality of 

life through sustainable tourism. 

Carlos Alberto loved Peru and he was proud of sharing that 

passion with all who had the chance to meet him. His commitment 

and dedication were a constant beacon of his leadership and open 

relationship with his LimaTours’ family. Carlos was dedicated to 

“Lito” – as LimaTours is called by insiders- and believed the strength 

of the business was built on ensuring the well-being of each and 

every employee. His example inspires us to offer the best possible 

experiences to each LimaTours passenger. 

In LimaTours, we are honored to have shared time with Carlos 

Alberto and learned so many things from him. We are glad to 

know that, like us, many other people around the world were 

able to enjoy his good humor, his vocation for service and, most 

importantly, his passion for Peru. 

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14 

QHAPAQ ÑAN: A LIVING LEGACY

QHAPAQ 

ÑAN 

A LIVING LEGACY 

A ROAD SYSTEM OF 

NEARLY 60,000 KM 

WAS THE BACKBONE OF 

THE TAHUANTINSUYO, 

AN INCA JEWEL THAT 

STILL STANDS AFTER 

500 YEARS. THE 

NATURAL BEAUTY 

AND MAGNIFICENT 

ENGINEERING WORKS 

MAKE THE QHAPAQ 

ÑAN A UNIQUE LEGACY 

THAT WAS LISTED AS 

A WORLD HERITAGE 

SITE BY UNESCO, 

BECOMING A SOURCE 

OF PRIDE FOR THE 

SIX COUNTRIES THAT 

CURRENTLY SHARE IT. 

Christian Declercq / KM Cero 

The Qhapaq Ñan 

blends in with 

the geography 

of the Peruvian 

highlands. 

15

QHAPAQ ÑAN: A LIVING LEGACY 

Qhapaq Ñan Project’s National Office 

Peru’s richness is noted across its territory: 

breathtaking landscapes, archaeological 

complexes that take you to an impressive past or 

cultural expressions such as dances and rituals 

that pass on from generation to generation 

and strengthen the connection with our roots. 

With more than one million square kilometers 

of deserts, mountains and forests, is there any 

way of connecting each corner maintaining the 

authenticity of nature and the population? 

LimaTours 

This is not a modern question; it was also an 

important issue for ancient Peruvians such as 

the Incas. Given the ongoing expansion of the 

Tahuantinsuyo, the rulers had to find a way of 

uniting it and creating a feeling of belonging in 

the new citizens, and of showing their power. 

They decided to create a road system, not only 

to connect the most remote towns with Cusco, 

but also to use it for political, military and social 

purposes. This is the origin of the Qhapaq Ñan, 

the ‘Royal Road’. 

The Longitudinal Coastal Highway between 

the Casma and Huarmey valleys (Ancash). 

The Qhapaq Ñan is considered one of the most 

impressive engineering works in history. It is 

composed of nearly 60,000 km of roads that 

traversed the entire empire from what is currently 

Colombia to Chile, crossing Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia 

and Argentina. Four routes beginning from 

the Huak’aypata square – currently the Cusco 

Main Square - went to the regions or suyos: 

Chinchaysuyo (north), Collasuyo (south), Antisuyo 

(east) and Contisuyo (west). 

To make the most of the territory and facilitate 

the organization along the entire road network, 

the Incas divided it into sections: the Longitudinal 

Highland Highway, the Longitudinal Coastal 

Highway, and the transversal and penetration 

roads. Places to shelter and feed the travelers 

were built on each road, and sacred spaces were 

determined by the presence of snow-capped 

peaks or lagoons. 

Cusco was the center of 

the empire, and today it is 

a combination of the Inca 

and Colonial heritage. 

16

Source: Qhapaq Ñan Project’s National Office 

PASTO 

COLOMBIA 

ECUADOR 

QUITO 

60 000 km 

of extension had the 

Qhapaq Ñan. 

Huaca Cabeza 

de Vaca 

Ingapirca 

CUENCA 

PERU 

780 km and 

291 associated 

archaeological sites have 

Aypate 

Caxas o Baños 

del Inca 

been declared World 

Heritage by UNESCO. 

Tucume 

CAJAMARCA 

Cochabamba 

BRASIL 

250 km and 

82 of those associated 

Marcahuamachuco 

sites are located in Peru. 

Chan Chan 

Huanuco Pampa 

PACIFIC 

OCEAN 

LIMA 

Pachacamac 

Inkawasi de Lunahuana 

Tambo 

Colorado 

Huanacaure 

Pumpu 

Huaycan de Cieneguilla 

Hatun Xauxa 

VILCASHUAMAN 

Machu Picchu 

Huaytara 

CUSCO 

Vilcashuaman 

Quebrada 

de la Vaca 

Sillustani 

Hatun Colla 

Chucuito 

LAGO 

TITICACA 

LA PAZ 

BOLIVIA 

PARIA 

ANDEAN 

ROAD 

SYSTEM 

CHILE 

CATARPO 

Tilcara 

LA PAYA 

MAP KEY 

Longitudinal Highways 

REGIONS OF TAHUANTINSUYO 

Pucara de 

Andagala 

Transversal roads 

Chinchaysuyo 

Comprehensive projects 

Archaeological sites 

Antisuyo 

Contisuyo 

Chilecito 

ARGENTINA 

Collasuyo 

Ranchillos 

SANTIAGO 

TALCA


The Longitudinal Highland Highway, the original 

Qhapaq Ñan, was the core axis of the entire 

route and covered from the Chinchaysuyo to the 

Collasuyo, crossing the territory at the foot of the 

Andean Mountain Range. The stretch covered 

approximately 5,658 km from the current city of 

Quito to Santiago de Chile with a perfectly built 

road that reached a maximum width of 18m. The 

penetration roads to the jungle, built to adapt to 

the terrain and humidity of the region, stemmed 

from this road. 

Kevin Floerke 

Compared to the winding and challenging 

Qhapaq Ñan, the Longitudinal Coastal Highway 

was characterized by its straightness along the 

coastal valleys and deserts. It covered an area of 

3,943 km, also from Ecuador to Chile. This artery 

connected with its counterpart in the highlands 

through transversal roads, which ran from west 

to east between mountains and ravines, following 

the course of the valleys. 

Why did this network impress the Spaniards upon 

their arrival in Peru and continues to astonish 

the world? We only have to imagine ourselves 

standing in front of an impressive Apu, such 

as Mount Pariacaca, on a cobbled road with 

stairways to climb the mountains and suspension 

bridges woven with vegetable fibers to cross the 

rivers. We have to make a mental tour of the 

route, finding tambos used to lodge the pilgrims, 

ushnus from where the Inca thanked the gods and 

administrative centers magnificently built amidst 

one of the most rugged geographies on the planet. 

Inca structures such as the Soledad 

de Tambo ushnu (Ancash) are found 

along the trail. 

The greatness of the Qhapaq Ñan has not been 

left in the past, as a limited archaeological site. 

Its very essence of being a road that serves the 

community prevails until today. For this reason, it 

is regarded as a living heritage used by tenths of 

residents of the Peruvian highlands as their only 

means of communication with other towns and 

cities. These areas broaden the experience of 

following into the footsteps of the Incas with their 

customs, turning the tour into a cultural route that 

merges a masterpiece of Inca construction with 

traditions that have been preserved for more than 

500 years. 

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The Qhapaq Ñan became a UNESCO World 

Heritage Site since 2014, after a joint work 

performed by the six countries that share it: 

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and 

Chile. This candidacy made history, as this was the 

first time that several nations teamed up to work 

and made a joint submission. Once listed, all the 

countries committed to protect the road system 

and continue to carry out a joint work to preserve 

it for future generations. 

The scenic beauty that surrounds it, the 

construction techniques it includes and the 

cultural expressions that originated around it turn 

the Qhapaq Ñan into a jewel that is Inca as well as 

modern and does not stop astonishing the locals 

and visitors alike. 


This stone bridge in Huarautambo 

(Cerro de Pasco) is an example of 

the Inca construction technology. 

WHAT IS A CULTURAL ROUTE? 

ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL 

COUNCIL ON MONUMENTS AND SITES 

(ICOMOS), ‘CULTURAL ROUTES’ ARE 

THE MEANS OF COMMUNICATION THAT 

HAVE THEIR OWN SPECIFIC DYNAMICS 

AND HISTORIC FUNCTIONALITY. THE 

STAND OUT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 

INCA TRAIL INCLUDE THE EXCHANGE 

BETWEEN PEOPLES AND COUNTRIES, 

THE AMALGAMATION OF CULTURES 

ALONG THE ENTIRE ROUTE AND THE 

CREATION OF A DYNAMIC SYSTEM 

THAT MERGES HISTORY WITH THE 

ASSET, REPRESENTED BY THE USE IT 

CURRENTLY HAS. 

Well preserved steps in 

the Escalerayoc sector in 

Yauyos (Lima). 

19


SIX COUNTRIES, ONE LEGACY 

From the arid deserts to the lush forest, the 

Qhapaq Ñan connected a huge and rich territory. 

The listing of a World Heritage Site by 

UNESCO fills our whole nation with pride. 

In the case of the Qhapaq Ñan, this 

emotion is shared by several countries 

after carrying out a thorough work of 

almost ten years until its official listing on 

June 21, 2014. 

The importance of this listing goes beyond 

all the benefits that recognition involves. 

The Qhapaq Ñan has become a landmark 

in the history of humanity once again, as 

it is the first time that six republics (Peru, 

Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina and 

Chile) submit a joint candidacy for a World 

Heritage Site. The Andean Road System 

was not only able to connect peoples in 

the Tahuantinsuyo; it also did it again 500 

years later with the same effectiveness. 


The Process 

In 2001, Peru decided to register the Qhapaq Ñan on UNESCO’s 

Tentative List of World Heritage Sites. “At that time, there was a need 

to reconnect the country, to reconcile parts of Peru that had come into 

conflict,” said Giancarlo Marcone, Director of the Qhapaq Ñan Project’s 

National Office of the Ministry of Culture. 

The great material and intangible cultural value of the road network, its 

integrating function and its current use by the Andean communities 

caught the attention of the other countries, which opted for joining the 

Peruvian initiative in 2003. In February 2013, the final file jointly worked 

was submitted to the UNESCO World Heritage Center, presenting the 

status of the Qhapaq Ñan that met the ‘Exceptional Universal Value 

Criteria’ required by the organization. 


Dances and traditions mark the unique relationship 

of the population with the trail across South America. 

20

The Peru-Bolivia Binational Trek is an example 

of the unity generated by the Qhapaq Ñan. 


What benefits is receiving each country? 

The most important benefit is the international 

positioning that increases the flow of visitors and is 

essential for the economic and social development of 

the nearby areas. This will allow boosting the tourist 

potential of the Qhapaq Ñan in areas outside the 

traditional Cusco route. 

The countries with listed heritage sites belong to 

a global community concerned about maintaining 

these assets, they gain access to the World Heritage 

Fund that provides economic support to remediate 

damages caused by natural disasters and to the signing 

of international agreements for the conservation and 

protection of the sites. 

Finally, a mention of this type involves raising further 

awareness in the public in favor of the heritage 

and, consequently, the commitment of government 

authorities and communities to protect their legacy 

and find forms of sustainable development that 

benefit them. 

The Qhapaq Ñan today 

Rather than perceiving it as a topic of the past, the Qhapaq 

Ñan is the tool to talk about a “new history” without borders, 

which highlights the diversity among the six countries 

but does not prevent them from coexisting in the same 

territory. The meaning of this trail goes beyond being a 

mere road that connects the Tahuantinsuyo, but it has a 

great transformational and unifying potential. 

Its functional nature and the fact that it continues to be 

currently used as a means of communications, allows 

raising awareness of a public space that can be enjoyed 

and used by the citizens. “The Qhapaq Ñan is not really 

about the Incas, but about the present. We can use it to 

create stories of who we are today, what is our relationship 

with the people and how we allow them to enjoy a heritage 

that belongs to all of us,” highlighted Marcone. 

21

THE QHAPAQ ÑAN 

AND ITS ANCESTRAL TREASURES 

THE QHAPAQ ÑAN IS NOT ONLY A ROAD; IT IS A ROUTE FULL OF MEANINGS. EACH 

CONSTRUCTION, NATURAL ATTRACTION OR TOWN HAS A STORY THAT GIVES NEW VALUE TO 

THE TOUR AND WE CAN STILL APPRECIATE IT ALTHOUGH MORE THAN 500 YEARS HAVE 

ELAPSED SINCE THE INCA EMPIRE WAS AT ITS HEIGHT. 

SNOW-CAPPED PEAKS 

The Qhapaq Ñan extends along the Andes 

Mountain Range and it usually approaches 

the impressive snow-capped peaks (Apus), 

the deities worshipped by the Incas. 

ADMINISTRATIVE CENTERS 

The rulers controlled the population and led 

the use of the resources in the area from 

these centers. Its construction included 

colcas to store food, ceremonial ushnus and 

kallankas to lodge the authorities. 

COMMUNITIES 

Hundreds of people and villages 

are located in neighboring areas 

of the Qhapaq Ñan or are crossed 

by it. For the local residents, the 

road continues to be their main 

means of communication with 

other areas. 

CHASQUIWASI 

These were the houses of the chasquis 

(messengers), located along the road. They 

remained there waiting for the arrival of their 

colleague to take over the errand and run to the 

next shelter. 

THE QHAPAQ ÑAN 

The road was made of cobblestones, flanked by 

walls that bounded it or were used for containment 

and prevention of landslides on the stretches built 

22 

on the mountains. 

Source: 

Guía de Identificación y Registro del Qhapaq Ñan (Guide for the Identification and Registration of the Qhapaq Ñan). Ministry of Culture

COLCAS 

Facilities used to store food, weapons 

and clothes. They were built at the 

high part of the mountains to be at an 

appropriate temperature and keep 

the food in good condition. 

TAMBOS 

Facilities used as lodging and storage 

along the Qhapaq Ñan, located at 15 

and 20 km from each other. The 

same as the administrative centers, 

some large tambos had ushnus, 

kallankas and squares. 

BRIDGES 

Depending on the geographic features, wood, 

stone or suspension bridges were used. The 

latter, made with braided natural fibers, are the 

most impressive ones. The Q’eswachaka Bridge 

in Cusco is the only one that remains today. 

STAIRWAYS 

The steep slopes of the Andes required 

special measures. Stone steps grouped 

in sections and separated by resting 

platforms facilitated the ascent to the 

mountains. 

APACHETAS 

Groups of stones piled by 

wayfarers on the side of the roads 

or on mountain passes as offerings 

to the gods to request protection 

and strength during their trip. 

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24 

REDISCOVERING THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE INCAS

REDISCOVERING 

THE 

FOOTSTEPS 

OF THE 

INCAS 

FOR FIVE MONTHS, 

‘THE GREAT INCA 

TRAIL’ EXPEDITION 

TOURED A STRETCH 

OF THE QHAPAQ 

ÑAN, THE MAIN 

ARTERY OF THE 

ROAD SYSTEM THAT 

CONNECTED THE 

TAHUANTINSUYO. AS 

A PARTNER IN THIS 

PROJECT, LIMATOURS 

ACCOMPANIED THE 

TREKKERS ACROSS 

THIS LEGENDARY 

ROUTE SURROUNDED 

BY AMAZING 

LANDSCAPES 

STEEPED IN HISTORY. 


Inca wall in the 

Huanuco Pampa 

archaeological 

site, an important 

administrative center 

of the Tahuantinsuyo. 

25


Walking is a daily activity we take for granted, but 

when we are used to paved city roads we forget 

the huge pleasure of going from one place to 

another, moving the legs, perceiving the wind and 

feeling free. 

Let us take a mental journey to the White 

Mountain Range of the Andes. The sky changed 

from a gray to a luminous sky blue color, the dark 

sidewalks became a cobblestone road among the 

rugged mountains, cars are replaced by llamas 

and buildings are impressive structures made of 

rock. That was the Qhapaq Ñan more than 500 

years ago, when the Tahuantinsuyo at its height 

was connected by this incredible road network. 

In the high Andean areas, the Great Inca Trail 

maintains its traditional mystique: the connection 

with nature and the service to the community. A 

team of adventure seekers were willing to travel 

3,200 km along it for five months, from Tomebamba 

(Ecuador) to Cusco (Peru), to rediscover this Inca 

heritage, give it new value and revive the footsteps 

of the ancient inhabitants of the empire. 

But it is not worth conveying such a fascinating 

story from the comfort of a desk. As a partner, 

LimaTours was present from the beginning, taking 

care of the logistics for ‘The Great Inca Trail’, but it 

was time to wear the boots, carry the backpacks 

and experience the Qhapaq Ñan together with the 

expeditionary group. 

Rodrigo Cabrera / KM Cero 

Imposing 

landscapes 

such as this 

accompanied 

the members 

of the 

expedition. 

26

DAY 1 

PREPARING 

THE BODY 

Llamas drawing the attention 

of adults and children. 

We reached the Cajay community (Ancash) to 

meet the members of the expedition. Our day 1 

was day 73 for them, and the positive attitude of 

the residents energized us in those first steps of 

the 75 km we had ahead of us. 

The river flowed like music while we walked down 

the road to Pomachaca, a small town where the 

Inca trail began. As we would see along the route, 

stretches of the Qhapaq Ñan have disappeared, 

either due to the construction of other roads or 

lack of conservation. 

The Qhapaq Ñan received us with amazing 

stairways that got lost behind the mountain. 

This hard test implied fighting heat, altitude and 

fatigue. If we passed the first exam, we would 

be prepared for the other four days of the trek. 

Each step was worth it: while we climbed, we 

could see beautiful valleys in the distance and we 

found ancient Inca settlements in the middle of 

the mountain. It was remarkable to see how the 

steps seemed to be part of the landscape. 

installed. After visiting the Pincos ceremonial 

ushnu and enjoying a hearty meal, there is 

nothing better than lying on the pasture for a 

few minutes and relax under the Milky Way. The 

breathtaking starry sky of the Andes accompanied 

us every night. 

Kevin Floerke 

The Andean 

pampas made 

the trek lighter. 

The road to 

Huarautambo in 

Cerro de Pasco. 

We arrived in Castillo, a town with a water 

fountain decorated with a chasqui (a messenger 

of the Tahuantinsuyo), a symbol of belonging to 

the Inca trail. Building back our energy with the 

fresh water from the main fountain was a present 

of the Apus. The llamas were the great show and 

drew the attention of the residents while they 

crossed the streets. Watching a large number 

of these animals beside a group of gringos 

(foreigners) aroused the curiosity, especially in 

children. 

After a light lunch we continued to ascend to 

Soledad de Tambo, where the camp was already 


27

The sky of the 

Andes gleams 

every 

28 

night with 

the shine of 

thousands of stars.


29



After attending an interesting history lesson, 

we returned to the walled road on the way to 

Quenhuajirca. The landscape changes as we ascend 

from 3,000 m.a.s.l., showing how skillfully the Inca 

builders adapted to the Andean geography. The 

trees begin to disappear, the green pastures are 

replaced by ichu and flowers become thorny plants 

fit to live in the cold puna region. But not all changes 

are pleasant, as the route also shows how the snowcapped 

peaks are losing their white summits, as 

silent victims of climate change. 

Stairways are 

common in high 

highland areas, 

to facilitate 

the climbing of 

mountains. 

DAY 2 

THANKING THE 

PACHAMAMA 

(MOTHER EARTH) 

The Qhapaq Ñan is almost intact in the high areas. 

We ascended to the Wagapunta mountain pass, with 

wonderfully preserved steps that bring you back in 

time with their loftiness. At the highest point, nearly 

4,500 m.a.s.l., an apacheta – a pile of stones with 

religious purposes– marks the place to thank the 

Pachamama for the opportunity of getting in touch 

with nature, far for the city and totally disconnected. 

At our destination, we camped at the foot of the 

ushnu of the Quenhuajirca tambo. Temperature 

Walking with John Leivers, an Australian adventurous 

expeditionary, is like walking with a book under the 

arm. Aged 65, he is not only able to walk thousands of 

kilometers without faltering, but he has a prodigious 

memory and remembers every inch of the Qhapaq 

Ñan he has traveled more than once. 

Leaving behind the camp in Soledad de Tambo, John 

departed from the trail and it was inevitable not 

to follow him. We headed for the colcas located in 

the upper part of a deep ravine, the ideal place to 

build this type of storages: far from the animals, with 

plenty of ventilation and dry air that prevented the 

food from spoiling. 

30 

In some stretches, the road is only bound 

by stones, blending in with the landscape.

The apachetas marked the places of 

worship along the Qhapaq Ñan. 

Enjoy 

the best 

images 

of the 

Qhapaq 

Ñan on 

this video. 

“QHAPAQ ÑAN IS NOT ONLY A 

ROAD; IT IS ALSO A SYNONYM OF 

LIVING CULTURE AND ANCESTRAL 

PRACTICES PASSED ON FROM 

GENERATION TO GENERATION”. 

Kevin Floerke 

began to descend, but our friendly neighbors, 

the Araujo family, weave woolen garments with a 

traditional loom they keep at home, and we could 

not help buying a warm poncho to fight the cold. The 

Qhapaq Ñan is not only a road; it is also a synonym 

of living culture and ancestral practices passed on 

from generation to generation, broadening the 

experience of the travelers. 



Residents making daily use of 

the trail in Huamanin, Huanuco. 

31


A welldeserved 

rest after 

a day of 

intensive 

trekking 

together 

with the 

mule drivers. 


DAY 3 

NEAR THE SUN GOD 

We bade farewell to the Araujos and set off for 

our first stop: Ayash. The landscape filled with 

color as we descended to the valley of the river 

bearing the same name. “A Sublime town,” said 

the leaders of the trekkers, John and Nick, a 

singular way of describing towns with shops that 

sell extra goodies. 

Ascents never seemed to end on our journey 

along the Qhapaq Ñan, but the mule drivers kept 

us company. This cheerful group of men led by the 

chef, Rolando, made our trek more bearable, as 

tents were put up and food was ready each time 

we arrived at a new camp. Their contagious good 

humor and high spirits helped us overcome the 

ascent on an amazingly well preserved road. 

We left Ancash at 4,500 m.a.s.l. and entered the 

department of Huanuco. The camp awaited us 

installed, surrounded by rock formations and a 

stream. After a three-day trek, it was fantastic to 

soak the feet in the water to relax and rest. At 

night, the stars seemed to shine more intensely 

than ever. 

32

DAY 4 

BREATHLESS 

We knew that the day 4 would be the longest one, 

with five kilometers more than we usually covered 

in seven hours, but we did not anticipate the 

surprises the Qhapaq Ñan had in store for us. 

Kevin Floerke 

Wild 

rabbits 

have taken 

over Tambo 

Grande, on 

the way to 

Huanuco 

Pampa. 

The first one was Tambo Grande, an Inca 

construction that currently is a livestock pen. John 

referred to it many times as ‘Tambo conejo’ (‘Tambo 

rabbit’), but we did not understand very well why 

until we arrived: tenths of these animals appeared 

among the stones and ran everywhere when they 

heard our footsteps. A white one, looking very 

similar to that in the Alice in Wonderland tale, hid 

in a deep hole. 

The second surprise came next. The small stream 

we found the day before has led us to the Taparaco 

River, creating a valley that seems to have been 

taken out of a painting. Beautiful waterfalls and 

splendid queñua trees run parallel to the Qhapaq 

Ñan, which is not bound by rocks anymore and is 

now flanked by impressive walls. 

The road continued among pampas and wetlands, 

perfectly blending in with the surrounding 

landscape. Bound by rocks, it can appear and 

disappear at times amidst the vegetation. Breathing 

became easier, which meant we are descending to 

Taparaco, a village built beside a wrecked Inca site. 

The valley continues to San Francisco de Isco, a 

small community where we spent the last evening. 

We had mixed feelings over dinner: happiness for 

what we have already admired and few people are 

lucky to appreciate, and the sadness of realizing 

that the adventure is coming to an end. 

Taparaco 

river valley. 

The Inca 

walls mark 

the road 

following 

its bed. 

Kevin Floerke 

33


DAY 5 

MISSION 

ACCOMPLISHED 

Inca trapezoid doors with feline motifs on the 

upper part, Huanuco Pampa. 

It was encouraging to think that we were only half a 

day away from our destination. We started trekking 

in the early morning, and met children from several 

towns who were using the Qhapaq Ñan to go to 

school. For those people who live in remote areas, 

the road continues to be the only way to connect with 

each other. They are heirs to a legacy that remains 

through time, remaining valid thanks to them. 

After an easy descent, we see the asphalt of 

the highway once again after almost three days. 

The same as at the beginning, calm gives way to 

challenges. To reach Huanuco Pampa, the Qhapaq 

Ñan climbs a ravine with a rugged terrain due to 

the landslides caused by rainfall. 

We perspired profusely, but we made it. When we 

walked to the administrative center, its formidable 

ushu emerged surrounded by Apus (mountains). 

It is easy to understand why the Inca used this 

place as stage for important ceremonies. 


To close with a perfect end, we were received by 

the residents of the Huanuco Pampa village with 

their typical dances and a delicious pachamanca 

to break the diet. 

Some people do not know this huge road system 

or believe that the stretch to Machu Picchu is 

the only existing trail. Seeing the other face of 

the Qhapaq Ñan, which maintains its ties with 

the native community, is a different way of 

experiencing it. With no tourists, no pressures, in 

connection with the Inca essence of the trail that 

has managed to survive until today. 



34 

The pyramidal ushnu in Huanuco 

Pampa is ten meters high. 

Residents of the Huanuco Pampa village performing 

the Ruku de Aguamiro dance for the visitors.

HUANUCO PAMPA 

THE CENTER OF THE CHINCHAYSUYO 

This is the most imposing archaeological site 

in the department of Huanuco. 


Huanuco Pampa is located at a plateau at 3,600 m.a.s.l. It 

is one of the most important administrative centers of the 

Inca Empire, which marked half of the way between the 

current Tomebamba (Quito, Ecuador) and Cusco (Peru), in 

the Chinchaysuyo region. 

The constructions occupied up to 800 hectares, but only 

some buildings impressive enough to show their relevance 

in the Tahuantinsuyo have been left due to the neglect and 

little conservation work performed in the past. The exquisite 

carved stone work is a sign of it. 

The ushnu is the main building, a ceremonial platform 

on which the Inca performed official rites before the 

residents gathered on the main square. The complex also 

has kallankas, large rooms used for meetings or to lodge 

high officials of the empire; the Inca baths and the colcas 

to store products. 

Archaeologist Luis Enrique Paredes, Director of the Huanuco 

Pampa Comprehensive Project, ensures that this complex 

“can be considered one of the most imposing complexes of the 

Tahuantinsuyo,” and compares favorably to similar complexes 

in Cusco. Due to the enhancement and conservation since 

the beginning of the comprehensive project in 2007, the 

number of visitors quadrupled reaching 9,900 last year. 

The work of the archaeologists goes hand in hand with 

that of the community, seeking a common goal: to attract 

more interest from the tourists in Huanuco Pampa, both 

for its historical importance and for the ancestral traditions 

maintained by the neighboring communities. 

35

36 

Christian Declercq / KM Cero

At a special event held in Huanuco Pampa, LimaTours welcomed the members of the 

expedition, reasserting its commitment to communicate the heritage and promote 

the development of the communities. Hosëg, the apparel brand, also participated and 

donated jackets to 73 children of the neighboring communities. 

37

40 

INTERVIEW


FRANÇOIS 

MORIN 

BUSINESS 

DEVELOPMENT 

DIRECTOR OF 

LIMATOURS 

THE EXECUTIVE HIGHLIGHTS THE WORK OF LIMATOURS 

IN THE PROMOTION OF NEW DESTINATIONS 

What has motivated LimaTours to be part of this 

expedition? 

François: LimaTours has always been interested in projects that 

allow communicating, protecting and bringing Peru’s heritage 

closer to passengers from all over the world who are curious to 

get to know it. However, it is difficult to reach some places due 

to the lack of infrastructure, because there are in remote areas 

or because the communities are not prepared to receive visitors 

due to delicate social issues that are important to consider when 

developing a destination. We participated in the project because 

the Qhapaq Ñan is going to put Peru in the eyes of the mainstream 

media and lead those people who had never before considered 

Peru as an adventure destination, to do so. 

There are examples from other countries such as Canada, United 

States or Spain that offer this type of long treks. The idea of 

creating such a route in South America was very interesting, and 

that people begin to use the trail more will also help to preserve it. 

41

INTERVIEW 

What was our role in the project? 

François: LimaTours made a commitment to 

the expedition and made the company resources 

available to organize the logistics, strengthen the 

relations with local authorities and coordinate the 

operability during the course of the trek. 

Most adventure tourism visitors focus 

on Cusco. Do you intend to put northern 

Peru on the map with this project? 

François: A great part of the volume is in Cusco, 

for the tradition it has, the appropriate accessibility 

and its availability of hotel infrastructure. The treks 

there are interesting for people whose main goal 

is getting to know Machu Picchu, because they can 

incorporate them to their travel program. 

Going to other regions of Peru for adventure 

tourism takes more time and that is complicated 

for the tourists because it involves spending more 

money. Huaraz is an example of an area with a large 

number of products, with unparalleled adventure 

activities or even more attractions that Cusco itself. 

Then, LimaTours would be “pioneering” in 

this type of projects in northern Peru? 

François: National operators are not very 

interested in promoting adventure tourism in the 

north, as they do not have the expertise or the 

resources to operate routes there. Since we have 

strong ties with adventure tourism clients worldwide, 

it is essential for us to create our own products in 

the north and establish partnerships to operate 

them with the quality we are characterized by, to 

increase the volume of people who visit that area. 

What tourism potential do you see in the 

Qhapaq Ñan? 

François: It has an extremely high potential. 

Currently, an important number of people are 

trekking on the traditional Inca Trail in Cusco, but the 

route is so crowded that we have reached a point of 

having to restrict its use in order to protect it. 

It is interesting for LimaTours to promote other 

sections of the road system, to make them more 

accessible, to offer a different experience to the 

42 

Explorers and the LimaTours team during The 

Great Inca Trail expedition. 

Christian Declercq / KM Cero

KM Cero 

passengers and promote tourism in different parts 

of Peru. The stretch of the Qhapaq Ñan that crosses 

Ancash, on which we are working now, joins the 

Inca legacy to the attraction of natural landscapes 

that accompany the route. If we add cultural and 

experience tourism aspects to this, we will give it an 

added value. 

This is in addition to the participation of the 

communities and the willingness of LimaTours to 

continue to invest in the Inca Trail until the goals it 

has set have been achieved. 

Steps on the Inca 

Trail to Machu Picchu 

(Cusco). 

What is the key factor for the success of 

this project? 

François: There have been previous plans to 

prepare these areas and promote tourism through 

partnerships between the communities and local 

operators. These plans did not succeed because 

an appropriate training program that enabled the 

residents to offer logistical services at the required 

level was not implemented, and they did not have 

the desired exposure either. 

We think that we can succeed because the 

international operators that have followed the 

project and have created expectations in their 

markets are interested in this. We have established 

partnerships with national operators that allow 

for the corresponding coordination, and with local 

operators who are better acquainted with the 

social and logistical reality of their area. 

The LimaTours team with the members of the 

Ally Puricheg Entrepreneurship Association 

from Huanuco Pampa. 


43

INTERVIEW 

What makes Peru one of the most 

important adventure destinations in the 

world? 

François: Peru offers a diversity of experiences 

that no other South American country has. There 

are high mountain routes such as the treks on the 

White Mountain Range or Huayhuash, rated as the 

most beautiful ones in the world; it has places in 

the subtropical forest such as Chachapoyas that 

combines natural landscapes with archaeology; it 

has a trekking offer, via ferrata (trekking route with 

cables), rafting, cycling and even canyoneering in a 

crucial point such as Cusco; there is the desert to 

carry out motor activities such as riding buggies; it 

has the coast for surfers with one of the best waves 

in the world in Chicama, and where its own capital 

city is a hotspot that combines sports, culture and 

gastronomy. 

take a selfie in Machu Picchu, but they will also 

return to their country with something different to 

tell, something other people have not done. 

Let us go back to the project LimaTours is 

currently handling. What is the next stage? 

François: To continue to improve the product 

based on the criteria we handle, seeking integration 

and respect for the social and economic reality of 

each area; and training the guides and mule drivers 

so they can share their knowledge about the Inca 

Trail in the future. We are also going to work with 

the communities so that this project becomes an 

experience tourism activity through their meetings 

with the trekkers. 

KM Cero 

These options, added to one of the best hotel 

markets in the region, make it a very attractive 

country. A large number of adventure tourists 

seek a certain level of comfort and are going to 

find it in Peru, either at high-end hotels or at semipermanent 

camps or glamping, where they sleep 

in the nature but they have their own bathroom, 

heating and a bed. Currently, Peru offers nearly all 

the levels of comfort that can be imagined. 

How much or less acceptance adventure 

tourism has against conventional tourism? 

François: Adventure tourism is growing 

faster and new generations of travelers want 

something different. They look for experiences 

that involve physical activity and interaction with 

the communities, which enable them to get a 

deep knowledge of a destination. Several markets, 

such as Asia, for example, regard Peru as an exotic 

country per se, and young people want to live things 

their parents do not care about. They are going to 

Nature and adventure mix on the trek to Mount 

Salcantay, one of the most popular activities in Cusco. 

44

PUREQUEST 

ADVENTURES, 

OUR 

ADVENTURE 

DIVISION 


François with the PureQuest 

Adventures team in Lima. Standing 

from left to right: Patricia Roncal 

(Head), Sandra Barrios (Regional 

Manager) and Gabriela Montero 

(Supervisor). Sitting from left to right: 

Lourdes Olivares, Erika Regalado and 

Paloma Prevost (Specialists). 

Diego Nishiyama 

The PureQuest Adventures team in 

Cusco. Center: Pilar Ballón (Head of 

Cusco Office). From left to right: Edwin 

Pancorbo, Cirilo Huamán, Yussara Quispe, 

Koecling Pumayalli and Fernando Araoz 

(Specialists). Absent: Víctor Olarte.Olarte. 

What is PureQuest Adventures? 

François: These are LimaTours’ adventure experts, a 

commercial team with knowledge on the line of business 

that provides more specialized advice to our clients abroad 

and to the rest of the company. PureQuest Adventures 

is also a brand present in other countries, with which we 

work under a common operational standard to provide 

a homogeneous service, with good practices and a joint 

commercial approach to the clients. 

What is its standard? 

François: PureQuest Adventures was created to offer 

high-quality tourism, with programs that offer a high level 

of comfort. We are not trying to position ourselves in the 

low-cost segment of tourism, but to offer an experience 

that differs from that of our competitors, but at competitive 

prices. We provide one of the best services in Peru, with 

high-quality equipment and a trained staff. This gives us the 

certainty that the passenger is going to be safe throughout 

the trip and will go home with good memories. 

45

TREKKING 

PRODUCTS 

Enjoy our 

audiovisual 

material. 

KM Cero 

INCA TRAIL 

Private and shared service 

2 DAYS / 1 NIGHT & 4 DAYS / 3 NIGHTS 

Many publications rate the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu as one 

of the best treks in the world. Touring Cusco’s exotic geography, 

and exploring well-preserved archaeological remains is a 

world-class experience. This is the ultimate adventure and 

the best way of reaching one of the most magical places on 

the planet: Machu Picchu. 

KM Cero 

SALKANTAY 

Private and shared service 

4 DAYS / 3 NIGHTS & 5 DAYS / 4 NIGHTS 

The renowned Salkantay (or Salcantay) route was ranked 

among the best 25 treks in the world by the National 

Geographic Adventure Travel magazine. This trek is open to 

the public, without limitation of spaces or permits. This trek 

covers an ancient and remote path where huge snow-capped 

peaks clash with lush tropical forests. 

KM Cero 

CHOQUEQUIRAO 

Private service 

4 DAYS / 3 NIGHTS 

Ancient Inca citadel compared to Machu Picchu for its 

majestic ruins. Its little fame turns this into an almost 

customized trekking experience. Known as “the cradle of gold” 

for its undisturbed beauty, it resisted the passing of centuries 

among the mountains and wild vegetation that covers almost 

80% of its area. 

The trek 

includes 

Head 

Lamps 

Pillows 

Sleeping 

Bags 

Inflatable 

Mats 

Camping 

Equipment 

First Aid Kit

FULL DAY / Balcon del Diablo 

Level: Moderate / Duration: 8 hours 

Maximum altitude: 3,680 m.a.s.l. 

At a 20-minute distance from Sacsayhuaman, it is an ideal tour to 

relax and explore the nearby archaeological remains. 

Colectivo Intu 

FULL DAY / Huilloc - Pumamarca 

Level: Moderate / Duration: approximately 6 - 7 hours 

Maximum altitude: Huilloc (3,540 m.a.s.l.) 

Visit the Huilloc community, whose residents maintain the 

Inca way of living until today. 


FULL DAY / Huchuy Qosqo 

Level: Demanding / Duration: 8 hours 

Maximum altitude: 4,394 m.a.s.l. 

Visit his ancient administrative and military center located in 

front of the Urubamba mountain range. 


FULL DAY / Choquechaca 

Level: Demanding / Duration: 7 - 8 hours 

Maximum altitude: Choquechaca (3,825 m.a.s.l.) 

It is ideal to know more about the traditions of Andean towns. 


FULL DAY / Moray - Maras 

Level: Moderate / Duration: 7 - 8 hours 

Maximum altitude: Moray (3,500 m.a.s.l.) 

Visit Moray, an experimental Inca agricultural station and the 

Maras salt mines that have more than 3,000 wells on the hillside 

of the Qaqawiñay Mountain. 


FULL DAY / Chinchero - Urquillos 

Level: Moderate / Duration: 6 - 7 hours 

Maximum altitude: Chinchero (3,762 m.a.s.l.) 

The road to Urquillos through the Sacred Valley has 

breathtaking views. 

Colectivo Intu

LOOKING FOR THE LEGACY FAR FROM THE ASPHALT 

LOOKING FOR 

THE LEGACY 

FAR FROM THE ASPHALT 

48

WE CAN ALSO FIND 

STRETCHES OF THE 

QHAPAQ ÑAN VERY 

CLOSE TO LIMA. HUAYCAN 

DE CIENEGUILLA, AS WELL 

AS PACHACAMAC, IS ONE 

OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL 

CENTERS ASSOCIATED 

TO THE ROAD SYSTEM. 

IT EXEMPLIFIES THE 

HEGEMONY OF THE 

TAHUANTINSUYO OVER 

THE LOCAL CULTURES. 


From the lookout, 

one can clearly see 

the corridors and 

squares inside the 

archeological site. 

49


The first image we have when we talk about the 

Qhapaq Ñan is of a cobblestone, imposing road 

that extends at the foot of the mountains in the 

middle of the South American Andes. However, 

part of its extension spanned less wild terrains 

such as coastal deserts and valleys. 

Turned into a modern city that continues to 

grow, Lima was once part of this system. The 

roads crossed the great avenues of what used to 

be the route to Pachacamac, the most important 

pre-Hispanic sanctuary on the central coast. All 

these roads have disappeared amidst cement 

and asphalt, but we can still perceive history and 

connect with the past at the archaeological sites. 

The wonderful Inca constructions are distributed 

across Peru, from Aypate in Piura to Racchi 

in Puno, and Lima is no exception. Although 

Pachacamac is one of its maximum examples, 

the Huaycan de Cieneguilla administrative center 

is located in the middle valley of the Lurin River. 

It is connected to the Qhapaq Ñan through the 

Xauxa-Pachacamac transversal road. 


UNITY, NOT 

IMPOSITION 

The work of 

conservation 

and restoration 

is important 

because of the 

fragility of the 

adobe walls. 

Huaycan de Cieneguilla is part of the 27 

archaeological sites found in the Cieneguilla 

district in Lima, at the foot of a ravine at 449 

m.a.s.l. “This place has special relevance because 

it has characteristics of the Ychsma culture and 

has been enhanced by the Inca architecture. 

This makes it more important in relation to 

50

Some studies 

mention that the 

bas-relief friezes 

are related to the 

supernatural world. 

CIENEGUILLA 

DISTRICT IS 

30 MINUTES 

AWAY FROM 

LIMA. ITS 

VARIED 

GASTRONOMY, 

RECREATION 

CENTERS, 

MILD 

WEATHER 

AND NATURAL 

BEAUTY 

MAKE IT THE 

RECREATION 

CORNER OF 

THE LIMA 

RESIDENTS. 


the route of the Qhapaq Ñan,” said Fernando 

Mackie, Director of the Huaycan de Cieneguilla 

Comprehensive Project. 

Before the arrival of the Incas, the area was 

occupied by the Ychsma Lordship, which 

spanned the valleys of the Lima and Lurin rivers. 

It was one of the largest and more complex 

buildings in the area. Archaeologists think it was 

a ceremonial center with rural characteristics 

between the Pachacamacac and Hatun-Xauxa 

(Junin) provincial capital cities. 

When the Ychsma people were annexed to 

the Tahuantinsuyo, the Incas commenced the 

reforms using the existing buildings in the area. 

Then, the Huaycan de Cieneguilla site became a 

control point of the wayfarers who traveled from 

the highlands to the coast or vice versa. 

51


LIMA’S INCA 

HERITAGE 

The 16 hectares of Huaycan de Cieneguilla’s builtup 

area are divided into three zones that cannot 

be visibly noted. To discern their actual scope, 

one must climb to the lookout where the tours 

start: the nuclear area, the most important one, 

is divided into twelve architectural complexes 

connected by six streets as a small city. It is easy 

to imagine the people gathered on the main yard 

just in the center of the complex, with a ramp that 

enables important figures to access the platform, 

a characteristic of the Ychsma buildings. 

Walking by the narrow corridors of the place, 

one can note the symbiosis between the Inca 

and Ychsma architecture. Leaving its adobe 

walls behind, one reaches the space known as 

the ‘window complex’, with trapezoid spans and 

stone lintels on the doors that are clearly Incan 

construction elements. From that point, it is 

possible to see the whole valley, reasserting the 

connection with nature and the function of control 

center this archaeological site used to have. 

The decorated friezes are a typical Ychsma detail 

and are associated with ceremonial or funeral 

spaces. Circular bas-relief designs may be noted 

in some areas which, according to the research, 

could be interpreted as a lunar calendar or are 

related to astronomic observations. 

But without a doubt, the most important finding 

is the tomb of a member of the Inca elite: the 

quipukamayok. A wooden kero (a ceremonial 

drinking vessel), a symbol of power; a spondylus 

shell, one of the most valued materials during the 

empire; and a group of bound quipus (recording 

device), which show the status of this person, were 

found together with the skeletal remains. 


The square is 

an example 

of the 

convergence 

of the Ychsma 

and Inca 

cultures: a 

large space 

with a ramp 

beside a 

trapezoid door. 

52


The decorated friezes determine the 

category of the buildings inside the 

archeological site. 


The Incan 

windows are 

the only ones 

that remain 

in this area 

of the Lurin 

river valley. 

CIENEGUILLA AND ITS 

COMMUNITY IN ACTION 

The Huaycan de Cieneguilla Comprehensive 

Project started its activities in 2007, to enhance 

the value of the Inca settlement. The research 

work is supplemented with a socio-cultural work 

aimed to integrate the neighboring areas to the 

planning and conservation programs, so that they 

have a positive vision of their heritage and learn to 

appreciate it. 

53


The visits that include 

performances portray the 

way of living of the ancient 

residents of the place. 

Nevertheless, the population did not turn 

their back on their legacy before the arrival of 

the specialists. Since the 1960s, the residents 

committed to look after the archaeological site 

and protect it from latent dangers in the area such 

as land invasions. “Our vision is to work hand in 

hand with the community so that they can take 

over the entire project and improve their quality 

of life”, highlighted Mackie. 

Their eagerness for creating a new experience for 

the tourists who arrive at Huaycan de Cieneguilla 

generated groups of cultural advisors formed by 

the residents, who are trained to tell the story of 

the place from a local perspective. These teams 

also lead the night tours, supplementing history 

and archaeology with traditional legends and 

tales; and the interpretive visits in Quechua with 

characters dressed as the ancient Inca residents. 

Last year, Huaycan de Cieneguilla received about 

8,500 visitors, and expects to exceed this figure 

in 2017, thanks to the further advertising on the 

Qhapaq Ñan. The ties with local entrepreneurs 

and businesses from the area help establish the 

archaeological zone within the touristic circuit of 

the district, renowned for its gastronomic corridor 

and ecological value. 

54

XAUXA-PACHACAMAC, 

THE ROUTE OF THE GODS 

Apu Pariacaca in Yauyos (Lima) is one of the 

most revered deities of the empire. 


Between the departments of Junin and Lima lies one of the 

most amazing stretches of the Qhapaq Ñan. The Xauxa- 

Pachacamac stretch connects the Longitudinal Highland 

Highway with the Longitudinal Coastal Highway, passing 

from the arid and hot desert to the cold puna region along 

its 223-km route. 

This section of the road was vitally important for the 

Incas, as its relevance was not only logistical but also 

religious. The road connected two important places of the 

Chinchaysuyo: the Hatun-Xauxa administrative center in 

the central highlands and Pachacamac, the most important 

administrative and ceremonial complex on the central coast. 

The road was considered a pilgrimage route to Apu Pariacaca, 

a snow-capped peak in the Yauyos region considered one of 

the most important deities of the Tahuantinsuyo. 

The wayfarers who traveled from the highlands to the 

coast descended from 4,800 to 50 m.a.s.l., surrounded by 

beautiful natural landscapes and fabulous architectural 

constructions such as tambos and stairways that have up to 

1,800 perfectly aligned stone steps. 

In 2014, this stretch was included on the UNESCO World 

Heritage List, due to its importance within the organization 

and distribution of the Inca road system. 

55

56 Front view of the pyramid with the 

ramp. Pachacamac Archaeological 

Sanctuary (Lima).


57


Lima is characterized by having 

huacas inside the city. 

MATEO SALADO, 

A JEWEL IN THE CITY 

Pedro Espinoza Pajuelo / Complejo Arqueológico Mateo Salado 

The Mateo Salado archaeological complex is located at the 

heart of Lima, between Breña and Pueblo Libre districts. 

Its constructions made of ‘tapia’ (rammed earth), emerge 

among the high-rise buildings, creating a unique landscape 

where history coexists with modernity. 

Mateo Salado was an administrative-ceremonial center 

that belonged to the Ychsma Lordship which, the same as 

Huaycan de Cieneguilla, was reoccupied when the Incas 

annexed it to the empire. The complex has five walled 

pyramids. The Longitudinal Coastal Highway of the Qhapaq 

Ñan came from the north, just beside pyramid A, which was 

used as main temple of the complex. 

The 18-m high pyramids were also used as houses for the 

Ychsma and Inca elites. With the arrival of the Spaniards to 

Lima, the place was plundered, began to deteriorate and 

its area was reduced with the emergence of farmlands, 

companies and squatters. 

This process of neglect ended in 2000, when researchers 

started to recover Mateo Salado and it was listed as a 

National Cultural Heritage Site in the following year. In 2007, 

the Ministry of Culture started to work on its enhancement, 

and the National Office of the Qhapaq Ñan implemented 

a new comprehensive project focused on the area in 

2016. This project is concerned with working on the huaca, 

recovering it and bringing it closer to the neighbors as a 

space to be publicly used. 

Mateo Salado, together with the Larco Museum located a 

few blocks away in Pueblo Libre district, is one of the most 

important tourist attractions of the city of Lima. 

58

PROGRAMME 

LIMA’S INCA 

HERITAGE 

MATEO SALADO - HUAYCAN DE CIENEGUILLA - PACHACAMAC 

DAY 1 - LIMA 

Arrival in Lima. Transfer from the airport to your selected hotel in 

the city. 

DAY 2 - VISIT TO MATEO SALADO 

Today you will visit the Mateo Salado archaeological complex. Then, you 

will be transferred to Cieneguilla, where you will have lunch at a typical 

restaurant and will tour the Huaycan de Cieneguilla archaeological 

complex. You will participate in a workshop for the preparation of 

adobe friezes and will overnight in the area. 

DAY 3 - HUAYCAN DE CIENEGUILLA - PACHACAMAC 

You will participate in a trek from Huaycan de Cieneguilla to the 

Pachacamac archaeological site. Upon your arrival, you will have lunch 

at a country-style restaurant and will enjoy a Peruvian Paso horse 

show. Return to Lima. 

KM Cero 


DAY 4 - LIMA 

Transfer from your hotel to the airport. International flight. 


Qhapaq Ñan Project’s National Office

PERU’S 

GREAT RICHES 

IN ADDITION TO THE QHAPAQ ÑAN, PERU HAS ELEVEN WORLD HERITAGE SITES 

BETWEEN ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE SITES AND NATURAL BEAUTIES. THE 

WONDERFUL DESTINATIONS OFFERED BY THE COUNTRY GO FROM THE ARID DESERT IN 

THE NORTH TO THE LUSH FOREST IN THE SOUTHEAST. 

1 

CHAVIN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE 

It was listed as a Heritage Site in 1985. 

It is a jewel of the Chavin Culture, built between 

1,500 and 300 B.C. at 72 km from Huaraz (Ancash). 

It stands out for its terraces, squares and internal 

galleries that housed treasures such as the 

Monolithic Lanzon (Giant Spear) and the Tello 

Obelisk. 

2 SACRED CITY OF CARAL 

It was listed as a Heritage 

Site in 2009. 

The remains of this 5,000-years-old 

city, the oldest in America, are located 

182 km north of Lima. Caral is a unique 

civilization given its architectural 

design and socio-political complexity. 

HUASCARAN NATIONAL PARK 


Site in 1985. 

Located on the White Mountain Range 

(Huaraz), its greatest attraction is 

Mount Huascaran of 6,768 m.a.s.l. Its 

glaciers and lagoons make it one of the 

most attractive destinations for 

adventurous travelers. 

3 

HISTORIC CENTER OF LIMA 


Site en 1991. 

Lima, the capital city of Peru, was also 

the most important city of the Spanish 

Viceroyalty until the 18th century. Its 

beauty lies in the Colonial buildings, 

squares and convents that show the 

work of Peruvian and European artists. 

PACIFIC 

OCEAN 

4 

10 

3 

1 

6 

2 

4 

THE ROLE OF 

LIMATOURS 

As part of its mission to communicate the wonders of Peru to the 

world, LimaTours was and continues to be part of the enhancement 

and research of some World Heritage Sites. 

1991 

HISTORIC CENTER OF LIMA 

In 1989, the founder of LimaTours, Eduardo R. Arrarte, created the Lima Foundation. 

He was the Chairman when the Foundation started the paperwork to list the 

Historic Center as a World Heritage Site. 

2009 

SACRED CITY OF CARAL 

After facing mishaps, the Caral-Supe Archaeological Project had no place to work in 

2002. LimaTours offered a space in its office for the project members, to relocate and 

continue with its research work. 

11 

2014 

QHAPAQ ÑAN 

As part of ‘The Great Inca Trail’ expedition, LimaTours intends to raise awareness 

about the country’s historical legacy, to communicate our heritage and obtain the 

information necessary to develop sustainable tourism activities on some of its stretches.

5 MANU NATIONAL PARK 


With an area of more than 1 million hectares that go from 

Cusco to Madre de Dios, it is considered one of the most 

biodiverse parks on Earth. It is home to more than 200 species 

of mammals, 800 species of birds, 68 species de reptiles, 77 

species of amphibians and thousands of trees and flowers 

distributed across tenths of ecosystems. 

RIO ABISEO NATIONAL PARK 


The park, located in the department of San Martin in 

northern Peru, is not only home to thousands of endemic 

species of animals and plants. It also protects 

archaeological complexes such as Gran Pajaten, attributed 

to the Chachapoyas Culture. 

6 

7 HISTORIC SANCTUARY OF MACHU PICCHU 


The citadel is considered a masterpiece of the Inca 

architecture. It blends in with nature exceptionally amidst 

a complex terrain. UNESCO also highlights its scenic 

beauty, flora and fauna. 

CITY OF CUSCO 


Site in 1983. 

Touring its streets is to enjoy the 

convergence of the Inca and 

Colonial architecture, creating a 

unique urban structure in the 

world. It is a testimony of the 

Andean cultural development lived 

more than 3,000 years ago. 

8 

HISTORIC CENTER OF AREQUIPA 

It was listed as a Heritage Site in 

2000. 

Its typical construction made with sillar, a 

type of volcanic rock, shows the fusion 

between the Colonial architecture and the 

indigenous tradition. Its stately mansions 

and Baroque churches stand out. 

9 

10 CHAN CHAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE 


The ancient city made of adobe is an example of 

urban planning of the Chimu Culture in the middle 

of the desert. It is located at a distance of 5 km 

from the city of Trujillo in northern Peru. 

11 LINES AND GEOGLYPHS OF 

NASCA AND PAMPAS DE 

JUMANA 

They were listed as a Heritage 

Site in 1994. 

The figures of animals drawn on the 

sand of the desert in southern Peru are 

a testimony of the religious beliefs of 

the Nasca Culture. These geoglyphs 

have survived for more than 2,000 years 

thanks to the dry weather of the area. 

INTANGIBLE HERITAGE 

7 

5 

UNESCO also recognizes the practices, knowledge and artistic expressions of the communities around the world. 

They are called the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, inherited for generations as a cultural legacy: oral 

traditions, dances, rituals, festive events, and cultural spaces, among others. 

8 

Ten of Peru’s intangible heritages have been listed: the textile art of Taquile (Puno), the cultural 

manifestations of the Zapara people (shared with Ecuador), the cultural heritage of Aymara communities (shared 

with Chile and Bolivia), The Huaconada dance (Junin), the Scissors dance (Ayacucho), the pilgrimage to the 

sanctuary of the Lord of Qoyllurit’i (Cusco), the Eshuva or sung prayers of the Huachipaeri people (jungle of 

Cusco and Madre de Dios), the rituals related to the annual renewal of the Q’eswachaka bridge (Cusco), the 

festivity of the Virgen de la Candelaria (Puno), and the Wititi dance (Arequipa). 

9 

WINGS OVER PERU 

To celebrate its 50th anniversary, in 2006, LimaTours created an ambitious product for the most exclusive 

passengers who want to know Peru. With ‘Wings over Peru’, the tourists will visit Peru for nine days on a private 

airplane, with luxury activities to have a unique experience. 

The itinerary of ‘Wings over Peru’ includes visits to nine world heritage sites. The trip starts with two days in 

Lima; on day 3, they travel to Trujillo, where they will visit Chan Chan and the Temple of the Sun and the Moon; in 

the afternoon, they will go to the Museum of the Lord of Sipan in Chiclayo. On day 4, they head for Arequipa and 

Cusco in the south. On days 5 and 6, they will visit the Sacred Valley and Machu Picchu, respectively; ending with 

a city tour on day 7. Nasca is the last destination, reserved for day 8, with a unique flight over the Nasca Lines.

THE ROAD OF ALL OF US 

THE ROAD OF 

ALL OF US 

62

WALKING ON THE 

QHAPAQ ÑAN IS LIKE 

MAKING A DISCOVERY. 

IT IS LIKE OPENING THE 

EYES TO A SUBLIME 

ARCHITECTURAL 

HERITAGE, AND TO A 

CULTURAL RICHNESS 

REFLECTED IN THE 

POPULATIONS 

LOCATED VERY CLOSE 

TO THE ROUTE. THESE 

COMMUNITIES ARE 

THE LEADING STARS 

OF HISTORY, WITH 

THE ANCESTRAL 

TRADITIONS THEY HAVE 

KEPT ALIVE AND MAKE 

THE ROAD SYSTEM A 

LIVING SPACE. 


The colors of 

the garments of 

the Las Fallas 

dance vary in 

accordance with 

the community 

to which they 

belong. 

63


Since it has the category of a ‘cultural route’, the 

relevance of the Qhapaq Ñan goes far beyond 

the monumental character of its construction. 

The traditions and heritage of the communities 

located near the road, and the relation they have 

with it and with their ancestors give continuity and 

a more humane sense to the heritage. 

The work with the populations is one of the 

strengths of the people entrusted with the 

management, preservation and research of the 

road system. After all, as it has been built with a 

utilitarian purpose, the essence of Qhapaq Ñan is 

to be at the service of the people, facilitating their 

communication and daily work. 

“The greatest richness of our intangible heritage 

lies in the route of the Qhapaq Ñan, in the people it 

interconnects,” assured Rodrigo Ruiz, coordinator 

of the Community Involvement area of the Qhapaq 

Ñan Project’s National Office. Establishing a good 

relationship with the residents of the areas along 

the route is essential for its preservation. 

Residents of Soledad de Tambo (Ancash) on 

their way to performing road cleaning tasks. 


TEAMWORK 

Nearly 50% of the 60,000 km of the Qhapaq Ñan 

is located in Peru. 250 km have been granted 

the category of World Heritage together with 82 

archaeological sites. How can we protect such a 

broad asset that spans the entire country? This is 

where the role of the communities becomes vitally 

important, as they have become the right hand of 

government entities. 

To work with the population it is necessary to 

build the trust. The objective of the Community 

Involvement area is to establish a commitment 

for performing joint work with the people who 

live in the areas crossed by Inca roads through 

64 

Regional treks enhance the Qhapaq Ñan 

for the new generations.


a sign of respect to the communities that will 

influence their open-mindedness to the action 

plan. 

A great part of the road system crosses the 

properties of the farmers; therefore, the first step 

is to contact the assemblies, which manage each 

area. These meetings are used to tell them the 

plan to be followed and what the Inca trail that 

crosses their territory requires. This approach 

opens a window on dialogue between both parties. 

Years ago, these people were regarded as an agent 

that destroyed the heritage and were a threat for 

its conservation. This perception was related to 

the relationship the entities had with respect to 

the local residents, applying restrictions to the 

use of archaeological sites. In this case, as farmers 

and livestock breeders travel on the Qhapaq Ñan 

every day, it was necessary to take other measures 

to provide information to the users, ask for their 

opinions and seek agreements that do not affect 

their way of living. 


THE ‘MEETING OF THE INDIGENOUS 

CULTURE OF THE CHINCHAYSUYO’ IS AN 

EVENT HELD IN HUANUCO PAMPA IN 

JUNE OF EACH YEAR AND IT GATHERS 

ALL THE TOWNS OF DOS DE MAYO 

PROVINCE TO RECOVER, ENHANCE AND 

PROTECT THEIR CULTURAL TRADITIONS. 

dialogue processes. It is not an imposition, but a 

shared mission in favor of a common good: the 

preservation of heritage. 

“UNESCO’s viewpoint on work requires this 

collaboration. It is one of the guidelines they have 

established,” said Ruiz. Although there is no legal 

obligation to make these approaches, the teams 

of the Qhapaq Ñan Project understand them as 

Puchkakuy is the yarn spinning 

contest, an ancestral tradition 

that remains alive. 

65

Stretch of road near 

the Soledad 66 de Tambo 

archaeological site 

(Ancash).


67


GIVING RENEWED 

VALUE TO THE 

TRAIL 


Raising awareness of the Qhapaq Ñan’s potential 

for development in favor of the community is the 

basis for the subsequent work of the team of 

specialists. When they are aware of the benefits 

they can obtain and the importance of the trail for 

the world, the residents become the protectors of 

their own heritage. 


Tourism is one of the requests of these areas; it is 

recognized as a source of direct income through 

the asset they handle. This more progressive 

vision of the Qhapaq Ñan generates a dynamic of 

interest and gains a new functionality. It is not only 

useful for transport, it is also profitable. 

Community men participating in the Shuyunakuy, the act 

of turning the land for the sowing. 

Although the trail is a magnificent engineering 

work, its value does not lie in the stones that make 

it up. The traditions that revolve around it are 

an “added value” to the tourism experience and 

enable the residents to design work plans in line 

with their needs. 

Papa Munday (potato peeling) 

is a daily activity with a rich 

history. 

Let us take Huanuco Pampa as an example. This 

is one of the most important archaeological 

sites of what used to be the Chinchaysuyo. Part 

of the duties of the Comprehensive Project that 

operates in the area have led to the creation of 

an association with the members of the local 

village, to give them opportunities for employment 

and development. Through this association, the 

residents carry out a number of activities such 

as folk dances, ceremonies for Paying Tribute to 

Mother Earth or the preparation of typical dishes 

that show the intangible heritage of the area 

and, at the same time, generate income for their 

families. 

“It is important that people become aware of value 

and achieve social and cultural development. But 

if that does not lead to an economic growth, it 

68

Archaeologists working with the residents on the zoning 

of the land crossed by the Qhapaq Ñan. 

is not possible to progress, as they also have to 

meet their needs. We cannot sell culture alone, 

there has to be a benefit for the population,” 

commented Luis Enrique Paredes, Director of the 

Huanuco Pampa Comprehensive Project. 

INCLUSIVE 

HERITAGE 

“Heritage belongs to all.” Indeed, both the local 

population and the visitors have the opportunity 

of enjoying wonderful destinations such as Machu 

Picchu or the Qhapaq Ñan in Peru. However, the 

accessibility of some places is limited by their 

geographic location or by the lack of an appropriate 

infrastructure. 


According to the results of the First National 

Specialized Survey on Disability conducted by the 

National Council for the Integration of People with 

Disabilities (CONADIS) published in 2016, Peru 

has 1,575,402 people with some type of disability 

who account for 5.2% of the total population. It is 

important to generate inclusive tourism programs 

for people that enable them to have an equitable 

approach to culture. 

In the cities or in remote towns, the Community 

Involvement area is carrying out actions to integrate 

people with disabilities to culture and tourism. 

Working with associations of blind and deaf people, 

they obtain first-hand information on their needs to 

prepare a project that fits out certain archaeological 

centers to be visited this group of the population. 

Another way of achieving inclusion when working 

with Andean communities is to hold meetings with 

them in their mother tongue, either Quechua or 

Aymara. By approaching them with this assertive 

instruction, the communication becomes more 

effective, enhancing the diversity of languages 

spoken in our country. 

“The Qhapaq Ñan is becoming a symbol of unity, 

of the convergence of people, the interrelation 

with the Tahuantinsuyo of the past and today’s 

populations. It represents the link of an entire 

country,” said Ruiz. As legacy that connected an 

empire and has the potential to connect a nation 

and make it feel proud of its past. 

The new 

generations 

learn the 

importance of 

their cultural 

legacy since 

their childhood. 


69


THE COMPREHENSIVE 

PROJECTS 

The community is involved in heritage 

conservation work. 


By being a living heritage, there are communities that 

depend on the Qhapaq Ñan at various levels and use it 

in an unregulated way that can cause damages. 

In their eagerness to use the resources, the residents 

offered tourism visits and used resources in their 

traditional rituals. But their lack of knowledge led them 

to carry out harmful activities such as illegal excavations, 

extraction of stones to build houses, invasions, or used 

the sites as waste dumps. 

Given this situation, the National Office of the Qhapaq 

Ñan began to implement the Comprehensive Projects 

aimed to the social implementation of the material 

and intangible cultural heritage. This involves joint 

work that includes the conservation, research and 

joint management with the populations based on the 

creation of awareness about the use of archaeological 

sites to improve their quality of life. 

Determining the places to establish a Comprehensive 

Project involves evaluating criteria such as the 

archaeological, scenic and ethnographic importance of 

the asset; the conditions of poverty of the neighboring 

populations, the potential for economic development, 

the accessibility to the site, the territorial balance and 

the open-mindedness of the communities to establish 

partnerships. 

Five Comprehensive Projects have been established: 

Huanuco Pampa (Huanuco), Huaycan de Cieneguilla 

(Lima), Cabeza de Vaca (Tumbes), Aypate (Piura) and 

Mateo Salado (Lima). 


School children learning about the 

Inca Trail and its importance. 


Meetings allow the interaction between 

the residents and the experts. 

70

71

72 

QHAPAQ CAMP, A UNIQUE TRIP

QHAPAQ 

CAMP 

A UNIQUE TRIP 

IN ITS QUEST FOR 

OFFERING NEW 

EXPERIENCES TO ITS 

CLIENTS, LIMATOURS 

PRESENTS THE 

‘QHAPAQ CAMP’ AS A 

RETURN TO THE PAST 

BACK TO THE INCA 

TIMES, WHERE THE 

PASSENGER WILL GET 

IN CONTACT WITH 

NATIVE TRADITIONS, 

WALKING ALONG A 

ROUTE THAT REMAINS 

ALIVE FOR MORE THAN 

FIVE CENTURIES. 


‘Qhapaq Camp’ 

is a return to 

ancient times, 

where culture 

and nature join. 

73

QHAPAQ CAMP, A UNIQUE TRIP 

THE EXPERIENCE 

‘Qhapaq Camp’ intends to give renewed value 

to the ancestral traditions of Andean towns, the 

communities that have coexisted with history for 

decades and made it part of their daily life. This is 

an opportunity to get to know deepest Peru, with all 

the comfort and service quality that we have always 

been characterized by. 

Travelers will be part 

of the daily life of 

communities that use 

the road. 


The Qhapaq Ñan was not only a means of 

communication, but also a way of experiencing 

what it represented to be part of the Inca Empire. 

Each minimum detail has been taken into account 

under this concept, from the operability to the 

activities the visitor will enjoy. Camping near 

archaeological centers such as ushnus and tambos, 

trekking on well preserved routes with Inca walls 

that are more than 500-years-old or using llamas 

KM Cero 

The residents could use this imposing, thoroughly 

controlled and organized construction that crossed 

their community. They could also see the chasquis 

(messengers) passing very close to them, the 

pilgrims on religious trips, groups of llamas carrying 

groceries, large troops of soldiers and even the top 

representatives of power. All this happened amidst 

an impressive natural landscape in the highlands 

and the coast, with the Apus (mountains) protecting 

them at every step. 

Native 

potatoes 

are one of 

the main 

ingredients 

of the 

Andean 

diet. 

Today, 500 years later, one may not see armies or 

authorities traveling along the Qhapaq Ñan, but the 

image of unity, mysticism and tradition remains. In 

its eagerness for conveying the unique essence of 

this huge road network, LimaTours has created 

‘Qhapaq Camp’, a cultural and experience tourism 

concept that intends to bring the passenger as 

close as possible to what used to be the life in the 

Tahuantinsuyo. 

74 

‘Qhapaq Camp’ is an approach to 

Andean traditions. 

Kevin Floerke

as cargo-bearing animals – an Andean custom 

that is about to disappear – are some of the 

characteristics that make ‘Qhapaq Camp’ a unique 

experience. 

The soft feet of the llamas prevent the 

deterioration of the road compared to 

horseshoes. 


But no approach to ancient Peru would be 

complete without the connection with the great 

leading star: the community. The passengers may 

enjoy wonderful stories passed on from generation 

to generation told by the residents themselves, 

participate in traditional ceremonies such as the 

Tribute to Mother Earth, learn more about their 

customs such as knitting, and delight their palate 

with typical dishes from every place prepared with 

traditional ingredients. 

The ‘Qhapaq Camp’ concept is part of the new 

‘Explore the Inca Trail’ program, a seven-day trek 

between Ancash and Huanuco, traveling more 

than 60 km of the route on the Huanuco Pampa 

– Huamachuco stretch. In the future it will be 

implemented, to the extent possible, in experiences 

that cover sections of the Qhapaq Ñan, so that it 

can be an example of work for other treks. 

Kevin Floerke 

Overnight near 

wonderful 

archaeological sites. 


Walking with a 

group of llamas 

is one of the 

differential 

elements of 

this experience. 

75

COLOMBIA 

To see more details of the 

Castillo-Huanuco Pampa route, 

go to page 38 

ECUADOR 

PERU 

Aypate 

Cajamarca 

Trujillo 

Marcahuamachuco 

BRASIL 

In this map, you can see the route of 

our programme ‘Explore the Great 

Inca Trail’ and other walks to work 

under the concept ‘Qhapaq Camp.’ 

Huaraz 

Castillo 

Colpa 

Huanuco Pampa 

Huarautambo 

OCÉANO 

PACÍFICO 

LIMA 

Pachacamac 

Apu 

Pariacaca 

Hatun Xauxa 

Vitcos 

Tambo 

Colorado 

Huaytara 

Vilcashuaman 

Choquequirao 

CUSCO 

BOLIVIA 

Caracoto 

MAP KEY 

Sillustani 

PUNO 

Chucuito 

The Great Inca Trail Expedition route 

‘Explore The Great Inca Trail’ programme 

Archaeological sites 

Next ‘Qhapaq Camp’ products 

Future sections to explore 

REGIONS OF TAHUANTINSUYO 

Chinchaysuyo 

Antisuyo 

Contisuyo 

Collasuyo 

CHILE

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BELMOND.COM 

© 2017 Belmond Management Ltd. Belmond is a registered trademark.

EXPATRIATE 

NICK STANZIANO 

& JOHN LEIVERS 

78

NICK STANZIANO AND JOHN LEIVERS 

HAVE A SPECIAL CONNECTION WITH 

THE ANDES. THAT PASSION FOR 

THE PERUVIAN SIERRA AND THE 

QHAPAQ ÑAN LED THEM TO START AN 

EXPEDITION OF ALMOST FIVE MONTHS 

THROUGH THIS MAGNIFICENT JEWEL OF 

INCA ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING. 

What brought you to Peru? 

Nick: I am from California, and people there have 

a notion about Peru, the Andes, Machu Picchu 

and the Incas; with stories like Hiram Bingham 

or Indiana Jones. In 2005, I travelled to Cusco to 

study Spanish, and in March of that year, I went 

to work in Ollantaytambo. I was there for four 

months, but I returned in 2009. My father always 

had many concepts about Peru since his youth, 

but he could never come. I did it for him to start 

a life, a family. 

John: I have been here for 26 years. I used to be 

part of a very large British travel company, and I 

was in charge of destinations in Africa, Asia, and 

South America. I arrived at the beginning of 1991 

and hiked through Manu, Iquitos and Cusco. After 

the company went bankrupt, I became more 

interested in what the expeditions were. I worked 

as a tour guide to earn money, but at the same 

time, I was exploring other remote parts of Peru 

to learn the culture of those little-documented 

places. 

Nick, you once mentioned that Qhapaq 

Ñan is a ‘physical experience’ of history, 

what do you mean by that? 

Nick: History and archeology consist of looking 

back and interpreting what people thought and 

did. What we have today are static experiences: 

buildings or archaeological sites that you can only 


79

John was 

Nick’s 

right hand 

throughout 

the 

expedition. 


Kevin Floerke 

see, not hear or feel. The Qhapaq Ñan is different: 

it allows you to move through an Inca construction 

and feel its effect on the whole body. You are 

experiencing the culture at a much deeper level. 

You walked five months along the Qhapaq 

Ñan in this expedition, what is the best 

you saw? 

John: I worked as an engineer for a while, so 

what I appreciate the most is how difficult it 

must have been to build it. The Qhapaq Ñan is 

a masterpiece of engineering; it is a great way 

made under the most challenging circumstances 

and in the most complicated terrain of the planet. 

Basically, the Inca empire became powerful and 

expanded due to the quality of this road system. 

John’s knowledge of the Andean world comes 

from both books and personal experience. 

What is the main potential of this 

expedition? 

Nick: Create awareness. The more aware society 

is of what their assets represent, the more they 

will know about their origins. That’s what history 

does; it connects you with your past. And the 

Qhapaq Ñan is a central part of what Peru is. If we 

do not honour it or understand it, we will have a 

limited vision about it. 

John: I see it as a great opportunity to 

develop tourism for the Qhapaq Ñan and, most 

importantly, for its conservation. Behind this, 

there were two objectives: one is to draw the 

attention of the people so that they know it, 

recognize its value, and that motivates them to 

protect it. The other is to encourage the use of 

the road through walks so that it does not get 

lost in oblivion. Both go hand in hand. 

Nick, what is the main lesson you 

learned from this experience? 

Nick: Taking one day at a time. When you’re 

walking, you can only plan an hour ahead. I 

have also learned that life is more peaceful than 

it seems. If you think that trekking through the 

Andes is a dangerous activity, I assure you that it 

is more peaceful than you think. 

80

You describe yourself as an “explorer”, 

what do you need to be one? 

John: You have to be crazy (laughs). You need an 

adventurous spirit, be willing to make sacrifices 

and have a ‘strong mind’. People say that the most 

important thing is to have water and a tent, but 

the most important thing is mental. If you have a 

strong mind, you will be able to survive anywhere, 

under any condition, surrounded by anyone, 

without water, without food or shelter. You need 

to find a way to resist all that pressure on your 

shoulders, and it’s not easy at all. 

Do you think that this experience has 

helped you understand more of Peru? 

Nick: It’s more about being able to see ancient 

Peru. 100 years ago this road system was there. 

These are roads that endure from generation to 

generation and, to understand each town, we must 

understand the Qhapaq Ñan. Somehow I started 

travelling because of that desire to investigate, 

and Peru is a place to let loose those instincts of 

exploration. Once you know the language, you 

can integrate into society, and that allows you to 

appreciate everything in a much deeper level. 

With so many years travelling through 

Peru, do you still feel like a foreigner? 

John: I never feel like a foreigner, because 

nationality means nothing to me. We are all 

different, and we need to educate ourselves to 

get along well with each other. I always try to 

work with local people, go to food festivals, show 

respect towards the communities so that they also 

respect others. When I travel, I solely see myself as 

another human being walking a path. 

Kevin Floerke 

The primary 

objective of 

the expedition 

was to create 

awareness 

about the 

importance of 

this heritage. 

81

CALENDAR 

Diffusion 

RALLY 

DAKAR 

After four years of absence, the Dakar Rally 

will be held in Peru from January 6th to 

11th, 2018, departing from Lima. The event 

will pass through the cities of Pisco and San 

Juan de Marcona in Ica, Arequipa and Puno, 

and then continue its route through Bolivia 

and Argentina. Ask your specialist about the 

programme for Dakar fans. 

Diffusion 

CALENDAR 

Pope Francis will visit Peru from January 18th 

to 21st, 2018, in a journey that includes the 

cities of Lima, Puerto Maldonado and Trujillo. 

This is the first visit of a Supreme Pontiff in 30 

years since John Paul II arrived in the country in 

1988. Consult with your representative about 

the LimaTours programme created especially 

for this extraordinary event. 

NATIONAL 

MARINERA 

COMPETITION 

Crystal Cruises 

The Celebration in honour of the Candelaria 

Virgin is the largest cultural event in Peru, 

declared an Intangible Cultural Heritage of 

Humanity in 2014. The central day is February 

2nd when the Mestizo Dance Contest takes 

place, and several dances such as Morenada, 

Diablada, Caporales and Wacawaca are 

displayed. 

POPE 

FRANCIS IN 

PERU 

During the last week of January, the northern 

city of Trujillo dresses up for the National 

Marinera Contest that brings together 

hundreds of dancers and attendees from 

around the world. Marinera is one of the most 

popular dances in the country, where mischief 

and flirtation shine in the dancers’ pair. 

CANDELARIA 

PARTY 

LimaTours 

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UJ #14 - Qhapac Ñan

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