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<strong>International</strong> <strong>perspectives</strong> on positive action measures 50 5.6. Summary While the term ‘affirmative action’ had very divergent meanings depending on national contexts, there was an overwhelming consensus that such a programme was designed to remedy past and present injustices. To a large extent, the different meanings were informed by national legislative and policy underpinning. For example, in Canada affirmative action is very human-rights centred. In spite of the consensus around the meanings of the term, there were some instances in South Africa where inappropriate behaviour and malpractice seriously undermined the effectiveness of affirmative action programmes. The vast majority of participants agreed that legislation was the key driver for affirmative action programmes. Other drivers in close competition were business case (particularly in Canada), demographic imperative, policy and leadership. In spite of its benefits, implementation was fraught with problems, such as negative attitudes towards affirmative action initiatives, media manipulation, legislative ambiguity, lack of self-advocacy, lack of adequate finance, negative stereotypes/stigma and lack of proper oversight.
6 1. Introduction: New Business Horizons in Europe Positive action measures across different discrimination grounds, organisations and sectors
Page 1 and 2: International <str
Page 5 and 6: Contents
Page 7 and 8: Executive summary
Page 9 and 10: Drivers for positive action The stu
Page 11 and 12: 1 Introduction and methodological a
Page 13 and 14: In addition to this report, the stu
Page 15 and 16: tions with over 1 000 employees. Ov
Page 17 and 18: 2 Contextualising the study
Page 19 and 20: of legal reform and call for United
Page 21: people and organisational cultures
Page 47 and 48: 5 Perceptions of positive action in
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Page 51: y participants. The survey findings
Page 55 and 56: Overall perception of the benefits
Page 57 and 58: A broad range of measures were repo
Page 59 and 60: Ethnic minorities and academia The
Page 61: Drugs project in Ireland A drugs aw
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Page 79 and 80: How to obtain EU publications Publi

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