Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW

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MAZELA BART�OMIEJ, HOCHMA�SKA PATRYCJA, RATAJCZAK IZABELA, SZENTNER KINGA „Enhancing the fungal performance of wood coatings by pre-treatment with Na2O-SiO2 solution” ............................................................................. 504 MIKO�AJCZAK EL�BIETA “Biomass as a source of renewable energy in Poland” ....... 509 MIRSKI RADOS�AW, DERKOWSKI ADAM “Bending strength of OSB subjected to boiling test” .......................................................... 515 Board of reviewers: Prof. dr hab. Bogus�aw Bajkowski Prof. dr hab. Piotr Beer Dr hab. Ewa Dobrowolska Prof. dr hab. Jaros�aw Górski Prof. dr hab. Adam Krajewski Prof. dr hab. Krzysztof Krajewski Prof. dr hab. Donata Krutul Dr hab. S�awomir Krzosek Dr hab. Hanna Pachelska Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Starecki Prof. dr hab. Irena Swaczyna Prof. dr hab. Wac�aw Szymanowski Dr hab. Piotr Witomski Dr hab. Janusz Zawadzki Dofinansowano ze �rodków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy�szego Polska Akademia Nauk Komitet Technologii Drewna WARSAW UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES PRESS e-mail: wydawnictwo@sggw.pl ISSN 1898-5912 SERIES EDITOR Ewa Dobrowolska Marcin Zbie� PRINT: ZPW POZKAL
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Forestry and Wood Technology No 71, 2010: 9-13 (Ann. WULS-SGGW, For and Wood Technol. 71, 2010) The study of thermal degradation of softwood cellulose in the presence of antioxidants – FT-IR analysis ANDRZEJ ANTCZAK Department of Wood Science and Wood Protection, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Abstract: The study of thermal degradation of softwood cellulose in the presence of antioxidants – FT-IR analysis. The purpose of the study was examination antioxidant’s influence on cellulose crystallinity, which was submitted to thermal aging in 130°C. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to evaluate cellulose crystallinity. Generally, results obtained indicate that thermal aging of cellulose with/without antioxidant in oxygen conditions causes increase of cellulose crystallinity. Degradation of cellulose in the presence of THBP and EQ in 130ºC – air atmosphere probably proceeds mainly in amorphous regions. Addition of PG to cellulose matrix favors proceeding thermal cellulose degradation both in amorphous and crystalline regions. For aged cellulose in non extracted wood similar results were obtained. Thermal aging of cellulose with/without antioxidant in nitrogen atmosphere does not cause significant changes in cellulose crystallinity index. Keywords: thermal degradation, antioxidants, cellulose aging, FT-IR, crystallinity index INTRODUCTION Studies of cellulose degradation met with great interest in last years. This subject area is very important in many different industries (electrical, paper and textile) or in archives and libraries. To explain and understand cellulose degradation more precise and sensitive methods are required. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is one of this technique. Using FT-IR method crystallinity of cellulose can be characterized. Nelson and O’Connor [1964 a, b] showed that bands at 1430 and 900 cm -1 are particularly sensitive to changes in crystallinity. Several authors have noted that cellulose undergoes changes in crystallinity upon chemical and physical treatments, for example heating. The increase in crystallinity may be explained as crystallization in quasicrystalline amorphous regions due to rearrangement or reorientation of cellulose molecules inside these regions. The second reason can be rate difference of cellulose degradation in amorphous and crystalline regions. It is well known that the amorphous regions degrade more rapidly than crystalline ones. The purpose of the study was examination antioxidant’s influence on cellulose crystallinity, which was submitted to thermal aging in 130°C. FT-IR analysis application can give more detailed information about cellulose degradation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research material - non extracted sawdust of pinewood (Pinus sylvestris L.) from sapwood zone - extracted sawdust of pinewood (Pinus sylvestris L.) from sapwood zone (without extractives) extracted by ethanol:chloroform (3:97)w mixture according to own method [Antczak et al. 2006] - cellulose – separated from above-mentioned extracted pinewood (Pinus sylvestris L.) by Kürschner-Hoffer method [Krutul 2002] - above-mentioned pinewood cellulose with antioxidant – propyl gallate (PG), 2,4,5trihydroxyphenone (THBP) and ethoxyquin (EQ) which were coated on cellulose fibre by method with stirring [Antczak et al. 2007]. The method consisted in immersing a sample of cellulose in 0.2% antioxidant solution in methanol and then total evaporation of solvent under vacuum while stirring. 9
Page 1 and 2: Contents: Annals of Warsaw Universi
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Page 5 and 6: JANDA�KA JOZEF, NOSEK RADOVAN, PA
Page 7: KUROWSKA AGNIESZKA, KOZAKIEWICZ PAW
Page 11 and 12: Conditions of FT-IR analysis and de
Page 13 and 14: 8. D. KRUTUL, Charakterystyka celul
Page 15 and 16: Structural formulas of antioxidants
Page 17 and 18: In Fig. 2, 3, 4 relationship betwee
Page 19 and 20: 2. Results obtained for cellulose w
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Page 23 and 24: Streszczenie: Mo�liwo�ci oraz o
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Page 29 and 30: compared to previous year reached o
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Page 33 and 34: Table 1. Wood and wood and cork pro
Page 35 and 36: Analysis of the results of table 4
Page 39 and 40: and the angle � is directed count
Page 41 and 42: Streszczenie: Rozk�ad napr��e
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Page 49 and 50: The first ageing cycles had the big
Page 53 and 54: observatuion (R 2 = 0,9882 for bioc
Page 55 and 56: 13. SELKE S E and WACHMAN I (2004):
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Veneers’ preservation va
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Shear strength [N/mm 2 ] 3,5 3,0 2,
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7. JAB�O�SKI M., OSIPIUK J., DO
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Table 1. Board manufacturing parame
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Analyzing the thickness swelling an
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Annals of Warsaw University of Life
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�� 3. ��
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kc specific surface cutting resista
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� y �� S t �t 0 R � S
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Camera Target Beam divider Light so
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evaluation of rigidity. However, af
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Table 2. The influence of density o
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Fig.2. Wear curves for tool 1 and 2
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korelacyjne mi�dzy parami czynnik
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RESULTS The changes in pressing par
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The obtained IB and thickness swell
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Norway spruce Tab. 2 Physical and a
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��
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Acknowledgement: This work was supp
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12 � 6150, 6 � p ��
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Acknowledgement: This work was supp
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MAGNETISCHE SÄGEBLATTFÜHUNG; THEO
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3. DIETZ H., 2003: Der Markt verlan
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Nach Sturm [1738] Tab. XXXIII. biß
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hat. Je grösser nun der Radius, di
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gerichtet und von einem Ort an den
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man den Schlitten nicht also zurich
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dieses ist der rechte Preiß, wodur
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Sk�adamy serdeczne podzi�kowani
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MATERIALS AND METHODS For mutual co
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height. However, it is positive and
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Dust particles contents [pcs./m 3 ]
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Streszczenie: Wst�pne badania prz
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Fig. 2. Surface of filtering bag; A
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CONCLUSION On the ground of receive
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Mass share [%] 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
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REFERENCES [1] S. DOLNY, 1999, Tran
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the ability to achieve the desired
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Final evaluation of the economic ef
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yield % 45 38 31 24 17 10 1 2 3 4 5
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CONCLUSIONS - Cellulose with the op
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with a silica sol in the manufactur
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Values of fm and Em obtained for pl
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The experimental plywood was made f
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not exceed 50 per cent. However, si
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19 and 16 s/mm board thickness, pre
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the amount of PMDI introduced to ur
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Undoubtedly strength of low-density
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earing particleboards (type P4). Th
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The influence of ultrastructure of
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MFA [deg] MFA [deg] MFA [deg] 16 14
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and mean MFA, observed even in a sm
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Annals of Warsaw Agricultural Unive
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The virulence of strains of mould f
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7. Rep G., Pohleven F., Bucar B., 2
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during 14 or 20 minutes. After pres
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The influence of used adhesive on s
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In the third step we analyze result
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Fig. 5 The relation of power and de
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LITERATURE 1. GAFF, M. 2009: Analys
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- ��
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��. 2. ��
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a) Tensile modulus (MPa) c) Tensile
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causes the growth of impact strengt
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RESULTS AND DISCUSION The results o
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RESULTS AND DISCUSION Upper line Ca
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Basically, two main kinds of defect
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Characteristcs before any exposure
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time unit and temperature in specif
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temperature [C] 600,0 500,0 400,0 3
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of the samples showed particleboard
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Fig.6. ��
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elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rup
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ROZMAN H. D., AHMADHILMI K. R., ABU
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Oak (Quercus L.) • Ship building,
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Purple smoke bush (Cotinus coggygri
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From the measured lapses is seen su
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13. HORÁK, J. Vytáp�ní tuhými
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either heat conduction or by gravit
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To transform heat into electricity
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Experimental production Each input
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1600 1550 1500 1450 1400 1350 1300
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Fig.5. Measured profiles of heat po
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Fig.2. The experimental boiler RESU
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Bed’, Presented at the Nordic Sem
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Discoloration analysis was based on
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Total color difference 14 12 10 8 6
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Annals of Warsaw University of Live
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climate (typical for the territory
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16. MATEJAK M., �WIETLICZNY M., 1
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temperature increase phase was 0.25
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Table 2. Color parameters of therma
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Fig. 3b. Specific emission CO2 for
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Fig. 5b. Specific emission CO2 for
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Fig. 3. Specific emission CO2 for p
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REFERENCES 1. BAYSAL E., YALINKILIC
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influence of thermal conduction in
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4. BRYDEN K.M., RAGLAND K.W., RUTLA
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In this study, experiments were car
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7. LEBECKI K., DYDUCH Z., FIBICH A.
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der thermoplastischen Kunststoffe i
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Bild 5. Quellung der OSB-Platte mod
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a) b) c) d) 311
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(2005) 63: 380-387 5. Marutzky R.:
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Before placing the samples in the g
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Ryc.1 Resistance to infestation of
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wearing. In interval angles of incl
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Fig. 4 Influence of wood sample’s
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The contribution was created during
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a woody plant on which a symmetrica
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strength were found at breast heigh
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also observed that the trend for wo
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Streszczenie: Biomechanika drzew so
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species, sites as well as age level
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Table 1 Correlation coefficients fo
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Streszczenie: Dynamika procesu twar
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RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The
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Time [s] 360 320 280 240 200 160 12
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Table 1. Results of coating assessm
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��, ��
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Despite methods of forest an farmin
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REFERENCES 1. Drozd L., Florek M.,
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Noise-elimination grooves demonstra
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the noise level of 85 dB. Already a
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These findings correspond well with
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The temperature conductivity coeffi
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Table 1. The linear regression equa
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c) conditioning over saturated MgCl
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5. KOHARA J., OKAMOTO H., 1955: Stu
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Bild. 2. Eine Kreissäge mit Handbe
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Bild 5. Eine kleine Maschine zum sc
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11. Der Ausschieb-Nagel, ist im Wag
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LITERATURVERZEICHNIS GOTTLIEB JÖCH
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und jeder bey gesagten Machinen vor
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Der nächste Künstler, der seine l
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Weiter gibt es Kopfzerbrechen und L
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Annals of Warsaw University if Life
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DISCUSSION Attention is paid to rel
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egzotycznym drewnem do polski s�
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Table 1. The species of wood constr
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ia�� jako deski wewn�trznej w
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at a distance of about 2m from the
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Fig.2. The modulus of elasticity vs
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10. KRAUSS A., FABISIAK E., SZYM�
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were
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cellulose content/ % cellulose cont
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REFERENCES 1. ASH C. P. J., LEE D.
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high temperature. This parameter lo
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Results of investigations of the re
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Tabelle 2. Mittelwerte vom Elastizi
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meranti will not comply with the mi
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shear strength is density and moist
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g, so with given dimensions of heig
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Sztuki Akademii Sztuk Pi�knych w
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��. 1. ��
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��
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��. 1. ��-
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��.5. ��
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Streszczenie: Wp�yw w�a�ciwo
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EXPERIMENTS Preparation of the subs
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3. NEBIOGLU A., SOUCEK M.D., 2006:
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RESULTS Results of the adherence of
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Przemys�owe. Uszlachetnianie powi
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Table 1. Kind of cold liquids used
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It was stated, that on obtained res
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the chromatographic syringe in the
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CONCLUSIONS 1. On the basis of crit
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* * * �� xx � Q11 Q12
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Figure 3. Laminate deformations and
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RESULTS OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS For t
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Tab. 2.2. Results of numerical anal
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Mass spectrum Fig.2 Mass spectrum o
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Attempts to laboratory synthesis of
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O * O O * H O O O O * O O * + O O F
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Polydispersity, D 6 5 4 0 10 20 30
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Streszczenie: Termiczne i fotolityc
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It was stated that a single drop we
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Additionally, the highest content o
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��
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was observed only under specific ac
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6. SEDLIA�IK, J., ŠMIDRIAKOVÁ,
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were marked as MA, MO, BA, BO. Samp
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Fig.2. Microfungal growth of pine a
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paper and printing 18 957 18 611 30
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It is estimated that fulfilling the
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Bending strength of OSB Type of boa
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