ce magazine Anniversary 2018 issue

Michigan City Indiana
August Vol. 11
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In our Anniversary Issue
Thanks to all who contributed to CE
Magazine. Have an article you would like
contribute? You can mail it to:
CE, P.O. Box 8619
Michigan City In 46360
Or E-Mail it to
computerease@juno.com
CE Magazine® is part of OtherSide Ministries ©
all rights reserved
Founder
Peter Nadal
Editor
Pamela Kennoy
Art & Design
Peter Nadal
Our Writers
Rodrigo Esperanza : Nomar Shaw
Diane G : Big Papa
Guest Writers On This Month issue
Greenbot…. Nick Mediati
Sellfapp
Daily Intelligencer .. Paul Ford
3 From Peter’s Desk
5 Memoriam Wall
6 Hey Pete
10 Cover Pictures that never made it!
And pg 15 Digitally crossing over those
C D’s & Records! From Rodrigo’s Desk
19 Collage of our favorite Picture’s
Posted and never posted
22 Biz Cards board!! Hey its free
23 Secret Scroll Tip
24 The best of our freelance writers
40 Computer History and the Unknown
then people who made it possible!
Unless you read it here first!
46 Something to enlighten you up
Our new column for the next year issues!
47 Classifieds
49 Thanks to our staff & the many sites
for their contribution of articles
Front Cover
Design, Art and Portrait
By Peter Nadal, Pamela Kennoy and Diane G
Original Computer-Ease logo ©
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From Peter’s Desk
Welcome and thank you for reading CE magazine.
Well, one year has gone by and we‘re at where we
started. On the 2 nd week of July 2017 I woke up
with this crazy idea to make virtual magazine,
hence, the birth of CE Magazine. As I mention in
our 1 st issue,
―This magazine will be geared for the average guy
or gal who just wants to know how to do this or that
without complicated tech talk.‖
and we have maintained that rule in the creation of the magazine since day one.
On this Anniversary Edition, you will get to see all the front cover pictures that did
not make the cut, our pick of the best articles from our writer‘s that were published,
assorted humor filler pictures and computer history from past issues, oh, the staff
snuck in some of my reject pictures, very funny guys! Our Memoriam wall has all
the Vets who were on our ―Wall of our forgotten heroes and those who gave it all‖
and one addition, Navy Captain & US Senator John McCain. To all of our Vets on
the Memoriam wall and those not mentioned who have left us, all of us at CE
Magazine we stand tall and salute you.
On our two last pages is our staff pictures and yours truly along with list and links
of articles sources, we thank them all.
Our classified page is now open and prices are official along with the terms and
deadline. Our goal is to give you, our customer, the best price and service.
Got a business card, post it on our Biz Card Board, it‘s free and if you have it on
your computer send us a copy to computerease@juno.com or drop a text & photo to
our Facebook https://www.facebook.com/Computerease89 . If you had it made by
outside source put it in an envelope and send it to Computer-Ease, Po Box 8619,
Michigan City, IN 46360, we will scan it and put it on the board.
Any comments or questions we will gladly answer them and put it in our next issue
for our readers if they should have the same question
Peter Nadal
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How to make your own bootable Windows7 USB!
This How-To is for the more knowledgeable of you, but, if you‘re new and want to
learn about operating system commands then this is for you. All that can happen is
you‘ll screw up the USB thumb drive, by the way, you need a 4 gig thumb drive
and yes to your questions you can do the same thing with Windows 8, 8.1 & 10 and
there way to create a bootable Windows (8, 8.1 &10) is lil more easer, have fun!
1. The USB drive needs to be active
2. You have to copy the contents of your Windows7 install disk onto the USB drive
3. You need to make sure the USB drive‘s boot sector is the correct one this is how
I did it:
OK. Here we go:
1: Go into hardware properties of the USB drive: My Computer -> right click the
USB drive ->Select Properties -> select Hardware -> select the correct drive ->
select Properties again -> Select Policies -> select Optimize for Performance.(This
is to make it formatable with NTFS, so strictly speaking it‘s not necessary, it‘s just
how I got it working. If you do this, you have to remember to always use Safe Eject
on this drive. If you don‘t you might corrupt some files.)
2: Open Command Prompt and write the following (commands in bold italics):
1. Diskpart
2. List disk
3. Find the drive you want and then type: select drive # (so if it‘s disk 1, you type
disk 1)
4. Clean
5. Create partition primary
6. Select partition 1
7. Active
8. Assign
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9. Exit
This should delete everything on the USB drive and then make a new partition
without a file system on it.
3: Find out what drive letter your USB drive has (you find out by looking for it in
My Computer). Still in Command Prompt, type: format f: /fs:ntfs It will ask you
for confirmation and then a name.
4: Now that you have a clean USB drive it‘s time to fill it. Find your Vista Install
Disk and find out what drive letter it has. in my example it‘s d: so, still in Command
Prompt type: xcopy d:\*.* /s/e/f/r/h/x f: (where f: is your drive letter for the USB
drive). There are probably 3 slashes more than strictly necessary, but it‘s nice to
stay on the safe side. /s/e/f should copy all files and subfolders while /r/h/x should
keep the ownerships and copy any hidden files.
5: Here comes the fun part; Make the USB drive bootable into Windows7 Install.
On the Windows 7 Disk there is a folder called boot. Copy this folder to your hard
drive (and remember where you put it). Using Command Prompt, find this folder
and type: bootsect /nt60 f: It‘s very important that you are careful with this
command since it can change the bootsector on all drives on the computer if you
manage to screw it up. To be safe you can write just: bootsect or: bootsect /help the
first time and get some understanding of what you are doing. If you are too lazy,
here is the short explanation:
Bootsect is a small program that changes the bootsector on a drive (or all drives or
just the system drive) to either want to boot with ‗NTLDR‘ or the new system that
uses the file ‗bootmgr‘. If you try to do this from the USB drive it won‘t work as it
should since you are trying to edit the disk you are using the program on. I think it‘s
supposed to make it able to boot from FAT32 systems too, but I didn‘t get that to
work, so I say stick to NTFS.
6: Now you should have an USB drive that you can use to install Windows7 from
boot, especially those laptops with no DVD player!
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Cover Pictures that never made it!
As you may have noticed, the front covers of first few
issues were busy like your entire commercial
magazines. But then, we changed the idea and went to
digitally enhanced photographs for that dramatic look
and that required lots of photographs to choose from.
Now you may think it is easy to choose a picture and
that‘s that, well, not so, for the photograph layout dictates the feel of what the
magazine will be of, by the way, the boss always changes something in the picture.
One change is our logo, it gets hidden in all our front cover pictures. So, enough of
the jibber jabber here are our rejects.
November issue 2017
December issue 2017
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January Issue 2018
February 2018
11

March 2018
12

April 2018
13

June 2018
Well, there you are 20 of the best rejected photos of a list of 40 that never made it!
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Rodrigo’s Favorite 2
Digitally crossing over those CD’s & Records!
RECORDS
Face it one time or another we wish we could crossover some of those old records
to your computer so you can put on your cell phone or CD and play it while you‘re
driving. Not all songs from yesteryears are on CD especially if you‘re in the baby
boomer generation and especially from late 40‘s and early 50‘s. Well, in the
wonderful world of technology for crossing old
vinyl (I don‘t know about you, but, the sound of
vinyl is more real, my opinion that is) is here!
Ion makes these turntables that can plug in (like
the one on the left) to your computer USB port
and once you installed the software you can record
and save the old records or 45‘s
digitally. Now you can burn it to a
CD or copy it to your cell phone or
how about just play and record, I
don‘t own one like one on the right, but,
from what I have heard from some people
who have one that say it‘s great!
Software installation
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The software is easy to install, just put the dvd into the dvd player it will
automatically load and you will get this menu, now just for your info: If
your ION player software is old you will need to download a newer
version from ION, the link is at the bottom of this article.
Click on your language
This is picture is from the older version
software, but, for instructional sake
click EZ Vinyl/Tape Converter then
once that‘s done reload the disk and
click on Itunes as this old version needs
it. If you have Itunes already installed
then you can skip this step.
The hook up
The standard hookup is easy as the two photos below show the ease of it, your USB
connection is a standard card you use on your printer. The lower side plugs in the
back of the turntable and the other side plugs into your laptop‘s USB port.
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Cross over to digital
Now you‘re ready, put your record on the
turntable, make sure the record is as
clean you can get it, press next
Put the stylus on the record click the
record button
When you‘re done with the record or
track press next
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Put the info on it press on next
Done!
Nothing to it, the more you use it the more creative you will get with it.
Here is the newest software for those of you who lost or never had the
software, go to:
https://www.ionaudio.com/ezvc/
and download it, the file name is EZVinlTapeConverterSetup_Win_11-
7.zip and you will find it in the download file.
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Collage of our favorite Picture’s Posted and never posted
Husky panic
Peter-Head Ghoul
Diane G
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Rodrigo
Nomar ??
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Sasquatch sporting a
Navy pea coat!
Tech been eaten by the cable monster
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Secret Tip Scroll
Windows 7 lets you bring up the desktop
without taking your hand off your mouse or
pointing device—but it’s not obvious how until
you stumble upon it. In the extreme lower right
portion of the screen, at the far-right edge of
the taskbar, you’ll see a little vertical rectangle
with a “glossy” finish. Hover the mouse
pointer over it, and the Windows Desktop
appears, letting you inspect it. (You’ll still see
ghostly outlines of the windows you have
open.) Move the mouse off the rectangle, and
your windows reappear. You can also activate
this via a keyboard shortcut: Windows key +
spacebar.
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The best of our freelance writers
Diane G, Big Poppa and Nomar Shaw are our best freelance
writers/reporters. They explore the worldwide internet and local
merchants on new computers, computers accessories, cell phones & cell
phones accessories and all sorts of articles related to the technical field
that people all over the world are reading. We have picked the (in our
opinion) best of their articles, so, if you missed the issues with their
articles then sit back and enjoy the read!
High Tech Halloween!
By Diane G is one of our writers/reporters at large
The first few years you let your kids go trick-or-treating
on their own, you’ll probably be a little nervous. But with all the safety
apps available at your fingertips today, peace-of-mind is just a
download or click away. For example:
Download a free flashlight app so your child‟s device can be used for easy
navigation along dark streets.
Track your trick-or-treater with a location-based service, like AT&T
FamilyMap, which lets you track the location of your child‟s device on an
interactive map from your smartphone, PC or tablet.
The Spy Tec STI GL300 Mini Portable Real Time GPS Tracker will let you
keep tabs on their location in real-time, and you can even set up geofence
alerts so you'll know if the stray from the neighborhood. You can get it at
Amazon for $49.95!
Take your haunted house to the next level with some eerie tunes.
Google Home and Alexa work with Spotify, so you can tell it “play my
Halloween playlist” and it‟ll start blasting your favorite frightful tunes. If you
don‟t have time to make your own playlist, Spotify has plenty to choose
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from. You can even hook up your Echo Dot to a few Sonos speakers to fill
the whole house with a nice ominous vibe.
Give Your Crib a Creepy Hue
Ditch your old school bulbs, and install a couple of Philips' color-changing
LED lights to give your house a creepy vibe for your poppin‟ Halloween
party. Using Philips Hue bulbs, you can paint any room in whatever spooky
color you choose and tell your voice assistant of choice to change the
lighting whenever you feel like scaring the neighbors. Plus, using apps like
Sync My Lights and Hue Disco, your lights can sync to whatever scary
movie or tune you're enjoying. If you use Hue bulbs outdoors, you can give
your home an ominous lighting scheme at the touch of a button.
Fog Me Up
Wanna impress your guests? Set up an automated fog machine to give your
house a more ghostly vibe. Just cop a Wemo Insight Switch or two, plug „em
in, and set up a voice trigger so your smart speaker can let some fog loose
when those trick-or-treaters show up.
Listener Beware, You’re in For a Scare
Once you‟ve got your decoration situation all sorted out, take a seat, kick
back, and have Alexa play your favorite horror audio book from Audible.
Might we suggest a bone-chilling collection of Edgar Allan Poe stories read
by none other than Vincent Price.
The must-have FREE apps for families
Being a parent nowadays is easy, right?! You just need to be a gourmet chef, a scheduling
wizard, organizational guru, and an unlicensed nurse . . . No problem. Fortunately, moms &
dads (or anyone, for that matter) with smartphones can pack a lot of help into those tiny
devices with some of the great FREE apps developed for our busy lives. (Available for iPhone,
Windows Phone & Android)
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Shopping:
Ibotta is the app you'll want to have on-hand before you step into the grocery
store, as it's designed to get you cash back on the items you purchase wherever
you go. The app works with leading brands and retailers to help users take
advantage of easy savings without having to worry about carrying around clipped
coupons or remembering promo codes. Simply browse rebates on the app before
you go shopping, find and add relevant cash back rebates, and shop away! The
user-friendly technology makes redeeming rebates quicker and easier than ever
before.
Do you have a growing stack of bulky reward and loyalty cards taking up space in
your wallet? Download KeyRing and Store their bar codes in your phone and lose
the plastic. When you want to use your card at a particular retailer, simply pull up
the bar code on your smartphone screen and allow the cashier to scan it.
Meal Planning and Groceries:
MealBoard combines recipe management, meal planning, groceries and pantry
management into a single app. It is fully customizable. You can manage your
recipes, ingredients, food categories, meal types, stores, store aisles, grocery items
and many more with its clean, uncluttered interface. Cut your time spent planning
your meals and groceries. With MealBoard, a few taps is all it takes!
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BigOven: With a database of more than 350,000 recipes, there’s no shortage of
inspiration in this app. Seasonal collections featured on the home screen ensure
you’re using the freshest in-season ingredients. Our favorite feature is the “Use Up
Leftovers,” which suggests a recipe you can make with the three ingredients you
enter.
Scheduling and Organization:
Cozi: This all-in-one family management tool includes a shared family calendar
(color-coded by family member), meal planning, shopping lists, to-do lists and a
family journal for recording memories quickly and simply. And it’s all accessible
through either your computer or your mobile device.
Home Routines You will love how this app organizes those little daily and weekly
tasks, and allows you to check them off as they’re accomplished. You can even
access tips and tricks from other housekeeping gurus to make the work easier. A
great way to keep track of chores the kids can help with, too
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Wireless Bluetooth Keyboard
By Nomar Shaw
Here is one from the Five Below store, a wireless Bluetooth
keyboard that you can hook up with computers, tablets and cell
phones for five bucks!
Two double AA‘s batteries (+ is the black label on the AA‘s to the right) required
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Go to settings on your cell phone and select Bluetooth
On the back side of the keyboard slide the switch to the right and press the black
button. Flip the keyboard over and type in the 6 digit pairing number that your
phone will give on the keyboard and you‘re hooked up!
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Works great and it makes it easy for you if you‘re on the road and want to travel
light!
Digital Coloring Old Black &
White Photographs
By Nomar Shaw
Let‘s face the reality, the digital world is
here to stay and that statement opens up a universe of tremendous possibilities,
from aviation, cars, digitally designs boats and on and on. Which bring us to those
old black and white photographs, I will show you how to color them and bring new
life to them and the software I will be using is Black Magic you can go their site for
more info if you want to by it. This has to be the best and easiest program to learn
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and the results are excellent, here is the boss with his dad when he was finished
from being baptized.
The color of the flowers was an educated guess, after scanning I used Corel Paint to
make the grey uniform by selecting Grayscale 16 bit after correcting all the little
blemishes. Then I saved it and opened it in Black Magic from there I started with
his dad‘s face then suit, with the fine point his hands and around the boss‘s
baptismal gown and did his face. Trees were a series of overlaps of different greens
and blues, you will learn that 16 bit grayscale have a certain quality that only the
right color will stick. This picture took about 3 hrs to do and as I got better it
became easier.
Oh, and the water
scene even more
exciting to do and the
result can be a piece to
talk about as the next
two pictures show!
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I used all the shades of blue to show the different depth of the bay along with the
rocks in the water. Below is Black Magic and its simplicity!
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Here is a quick sample on the ease of this program!
The boss found this old WWII photo washed out, he used Corel Paint converted it
to grayscale 16 bit then used Black Magic‘
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Here is another sample from the boss collection that he did with Black Magic for
someone he knows.
You are in control now and it is your restoration or fantasy, have fun!
Thanks for the boss letting me use and color his pictures…
_____________________
Celebrate
Halloween with a
Vet!
To all veterans we thank
you for your service
A CE Magazine notice -- Don‘t forget our veterans
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What to do when the printer locks up.
By Big Poppa
It happens to all of us at one time or another. You just finish up
that spreadsheet or the letter that you needed to write. Maybe you
have found that perfect pancake recipe and just have to print it
out for future reference. You hit the print button, look toward the
printer in anticipation and nothing happens. You reach over and give the printer a
good shake, maybe pull the paper out and put it back in and still no signs of
compliance from the printer. So now what do you do?
The first thing to do is to check the print queue. This can be done by right clicking
on the printer icon located at the bottom of the screen in the system tray. In the
small window that opens click on the name of your printer and that will take you to
the print queue. Here you will find the document that you were trying to print. If
you are lucky it will be the only document listed in the queue. If not, then there
could be several that have been sitting there for who knows how long. Either way at
this point you can right click on any document in the queue and be able to cancel or
restart the print job. If you decide to cancel the print job and you click on the button
and nothing happens then you will have to escalate your efforts.
If you have tried unsuccessfully to delete or restart you print job then the print
spooler may be the culprit. The print spooler is the interface between your PC and
printer that controls just about everything involved in printing anything.
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To access your print spooler, enter: ‗services.msc‘ into your search bar or start
menu and hit enter. This will open the services management console and allow you
to shut down and restart the spooler.
Simply
right
click on
the print spooler and a menu will appear allowing you to stop and restart the
spooler. Once you have accomplished this then go back to your document and try
the print job again. If it works then you are good to go, if not then you will need to
clear out the print queue.
There are two ways to clear out the print queue that are relatively painless.
The first is to shut down printer and then shut down the PC. This method works
most of the time but not always. A sure-fire way is to manually clear out the print
queue.
In order to manually clear the print queue, you will need to stop the print
spooler as we discussed earlier. Once you have the spooler stopped keep your
services.msc window open, launch File Explorer from the Start Menu or the
taskbar. In the address bar of File Explorer enter the following:
‗C:\Windows|System32\Spool\Printers‘ and then hit enter. This will take you to the
print queue repository. This file holds all of the print jobs that are in the queue.
Delete everything in this folder, close File Explorer and then restart the print
spooler. You can now close out the services.msc window and return to printing your
documents.
If your print job still fails, then go to Printer Properties and try to print a test
page. Printer Properties can be accessed through the Control Panel > Devices path
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or through the Printers path on the start menu. If you are unable to print a test page,
or if the printer is totally unreachable then it may have reached the end of its useful
career. In this case do not waste you time trying to find someone to repair it. This is
not a cost-effective method by any measure. The price of a new printer is cheap
compared to the bench fee and hours needed to troubleshoot and repair a disposable
item. Buy a new printer and be happy.
Until next time Chillens.
Fair Winds and Following Seas to you all.
Oh That Command Line
By Big Poppa
If you are like me, then you very rarely use your computer for a single application. There are
times when I have to have several applications open in order to accomplish a single project. I
may have Word open for documentation, Excel to process data, Vision for ERD reference and
more often than not one or two databases. This does not include the specialized applications
that are for daily operations.
As long as everything goes along smoothly things can progress and work can get done.
But what happens when one of your open
applications freezes up and refuses to close?
You can take a chance on the old Ctl-Alt-Del
method and run the risk of having the entire PC
lock up loosing everything that you have done
or you can use the Command Line to surgically
close the offending program.
The Command Line can be a bit intimidating but it is in fact a very easy to use and useful tool.
Here is a quick and easy way to close any application or process on your PC without risking the
Blue Screen of Death.
First open the Run command window. This is located in the Accessories folder in the
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start menu or you can type Run into the search box in the task bar on Windows 10. You will
see the following:
Click on OK and this will
take you to the
Command Line
function. After the
carat type taskmgr.exe,
and you will then see
this:
This will open the
Windows Task
Manager. In the
Applications tab you
will see all of the applications that are currently open on the PC along with their status.
In the illustration below you will see that RegVac is the application that has stopped working
as its status is listed as Not Responding.
To end the application without endangering anything else simply highlight the app in the list
and then click on the End Task button. The application will be forcibly closed. Now you can
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simply exit out of Task Manager as well as the Command Line, reopen the application that
failed on you and continue where you left off.
There are many other advantages to taking the time to learn about the Command Line.
Once you get used to it you may find yourself using it more often than not. It is usually quicker
than trying to hunt down an obscure link that you thought you had on the desktop.
Another really slick trick is in the fact that most commands used in command line can be
run directly from the Start>Run menu. We will take a look at some of those in the near future.
Until then, Fair Winds and Following Seas.
Your Home phone, cell phone, your mail, e-mail and
Soliciting. Don’t answer your phone if you do not recognize
the phone number, don’t open your Door if you don’t know
him/them!
Public Awareness program by CE Magazine, Computer-Ease & OtherSide Ministries ®
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Computer History and the Unknown
then people who made it possible!
Unless you read it here first!
Apple Founder Steve Job’s Computer to be housed in a
museum
The significance of this Apple I computer is that only 200 of them got built of
which only around seven are operable.
Living Computers: Museum+Labs is devoted to showcasing the history of
the evolution of computers and keeps adding landmark machines and models that
may be a part of history and folklore now, but the future generations might find
them interesting. The latest addition to this museum, to be unveiled on April 14 is
what is known as the Steve Jobs computer.
Steve jobs became a legend even before his life was cut short and there are millions
of his fans around the world, who virtually worship him. For many, therefore, the
metal box with a few buttons, however crude it may appear, signifies a lot more
emotionally. In fact, what is being opened at the museum is a new permanent Apple
Computer Exhibit. A whole floor at the museum has been designed to narrate to the
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visitors the progression of Apple as a technology company through over two
decades from 1976 to 1999. Though many of Apple‘s early computers have been
exhibited in the museum, this is the first time a whole section is being dedicated to
Apple.
The significance of this Apple I computer is that only 200 of them got built of
which just around 70 survived and according to this report, around seven of these
computers are still operable!
Interestingly, Living Computers: Museum+Labs has been conceived, owned and
run by Paul Allen, the co-founder of Microsoft and as reported in the piece above,
the Executive Director of the museum is said to have explained that some people
who visit the museum do wonder as to how Apple‘s products are exhibited in a
place associated with Microsoft. He goes on to remind people that during Apple‘s
early days, Microsoft used to supply hardware and software to Apple. There was
even an investment of $150 million by Microsoft in Apple when Steve Jobs went
back to take over the company. The Apple I would be running with the good old
BASIC being written on it live and this will be carried on for the next 10 years.
Living Computers: Museum and Lab should be an interesting place for people to
learn and to cherish how technology took shape over the years. So Seattle will
become a must stop place for many dedicated tech professionals of this
generation travelling to the US.
Thank you Steve!
-----------------------------------------
Born: New York, New York, December 9, 1906
Died: Arlington, Virginia, January 1, 1992
Pioneer Computer Scientist
The new discipline of computing and the sciences that
depend upon it have led the way in making space for
women's participation on an equal basis. That was in
some ways true for Grace Murray Hopper, and it is all
the more true for women today because of Hopper's
work.
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Grace Brewster Murray graduated from Vassar with a B.A. in mathematics in 1928
and worked under algebraist Oystein Ore at Yale for her M.A. (1930) and Ph.D.
(1934). She married Vincent Foster Hopper, an educator, in 1930 and began
teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931. She had achieved the rank of associate
professor in 1941 when she won a faculty fellowship for study at New York
University's Courant Institute for Mathematics.
Hopper had come from a family with military traditions, thus it was not surprising
to anyone when she resigned her Vassar post to join the Navy WAVES (Women
Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service) in December 1943. She was
commissioned a lieutenant in July 1944 and reported to the Bureau of Ordnance
Computation Project at Harvard University, where she was the third person to join
the research team of professor (and Naval Reserve lieutenant) Howard H. Aiken.
She recalled that he greeted her with the words, "Where the hell have you been?"
and pointed to his electromechanical Mark I computing machine, saying "Here,
compute the coefficients of the arc tangent series by next Thursday."
Hopper plunged in and learned to program the machine, putting together a 500-page
Manual of Operations for the Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator in which
she outlined the fundamental operating principles of computing machines. By the
end of World War II in 1945, Hopper was working on the Mark II version of the
machine. Although her marriage was dissolved at this point, and though she had no
children, she did not resume her maiden name. Hopper was appointed to the
Harvard faculty as a research fellow, and in 1949 she joined the newly formed
Eckert-Mauchly Corporation.
Hopper never again held only one job at a time. She remained associated with
Eckert-Mauchly and its successors (Remington-Rand, Sperry-Rand, and Univac)
until her official "retirement" in 1971. Her work took her back and forth among
institutions in the military, private industry, business, and academe. In December
1983 she was promoted to commodore in a ceremony at the White House. When the
post of commodore was merged with that of rear admiral, two years later, she
became Admiral Hopper. She was one of the first software engineers and, indeed,
one of the most incisive strategic "futurists" in the world of computing.
Perhaps her best-known contribution to computing was the invention of the
compiler, the intermediate program that translates English language instructions
into the language of the target computer. She did this, she said, because she was
lazy and hoped that "the programmer may return to being a mathematician." Her
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work embodied or foreshadowed enormous numbers of developments that are now
the bones of digital computing: subroutines, formula translation, relative
addressing, the linking loader, code optimization, and even symbolic manipulation
of the kind embodied in Mathematical and Maple.
Throughout her life, it was her service to her country of which she was most proud.
Appropriately, Admiral Hopper was buried with full Naval honors at Arlington
National Cemetery on January 7, 1992.
-----------------------------------------
Ivan Edward Sutherland
American electrical engineer and computer scientist
Written By:
William L. Hosch
Last Updated: May 12, 2018 See Article History
Ivan Edward Sutherland, (born May 16, 1938, Hastings, Neb., U.S.), American
electrical engineer and computer scientist and winner of the 1988 A.M. Turing
Award, the highest honor in computer science, for ―his pioneering and visionary
contributions to computer graphics, starting with Sketchpad, and continuing after.‖
Sutherland is often recognized as the father of computer graphics.
Sutherland earned a bachelor‘s degree (1959) in electrical engineering from the
Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University), a master‘s
degree (1960) in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology
(Caltech), and a doctorate (1963) in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT). His doctoral dissertation, ―Sketchpad: A Man-
Machine Graphical Communication System,‖ under the direction of the information
theory pioneer Claude Shannon, was the start of computer graphics, the graphical
user interface (GUI), and computer-aided design (CAD) programs. See computeraided
engineering.
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After leaving MIT, Sutherland was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the U.S.
Army and served as an electrical engineer in the National Security Agency (1963)
and then as a researcher at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (1964),
where he initiated projects in time-sharing systems and artificial intelligence.
Following his discharge from the army, Sutherland held professorships at Harvard
University (1965–68), the University of Utah (1968–76), and Caltech (1976–81). In
1968 Sutherland and David Evans, from Utah‘s computer science department,
established Evans and Sutherland, a company that did pioneering work in computer
graphics and printer languages. While at Caltech, Sutherland also worked as a
consultant for the RAND Corporation (1976–80). In 1980 Sutherland cofounded
Sutherland, Sproull and Associates, which was acquired in 1990 by Sun
Microsystems, Inc., an American computer manufacturer, and formed the core of
the new Sun Microsystems Laboratories, where Sutherland served as a vice
president. Sutherland was named a fellow at Sun in 2001.
In addition to the Turing Award, Sutherland received the first U.S. National
Academy of Engineering Zworykin Award (1972) and a Smithsonian Computer
World Award (1996). He was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering
(1972) and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (1978).
William L. Hosch
Charles Babbage
-----------------------------------------
(born December 26, 1791, London,
England—died October 18, 1871, London),
English mathematician and inventor who is
credited with having conceived the first
automatic digital computer.
In 1812 Babbage helped found the Analytical
Society, whose object was to introduce
developments from the European continent
into English mathematics. In 1816 he was
elected a fellow of the Royal Society of
London. He was instrumental in founding the Royal Astronomical (1820) and
Statistical (1834) societies.
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The idea of mechanically calculating mathematical tables first came to Babbage in
1812 or 1813. Later he made a small calculator that could perform certain
mathematical computations to eight decimals. Then in 1823 he obtained
government support for the design of a projected machine, the Difference Engine,
with a 20-decimal capacity. Its construction required the development of
mechanical engineering techniques, to which Babbage of necessity devoted himself.
In the meantime (1828–39), he served as Lucasian
Professor of Mathematics at the University of
Cambridge.
___________________________________________
Picture on the left:
The Difference Engine The completed portion of Charles
Babbage's Difference Engine, 1832. This advanced calculator
was intended to produce logarithm tables used in navigation.
The value of numbers was represented by the positions of the
toothed wheels marked with decimal numbers.
Science Museum London
___________________________________________________
During the mid-1830s Babbage developed plans for the Analytical Engine, the
forerunner of the modern digital computer. In that device he envisioned the
capability of performing any arithmetical operation on the basis of instructions from
punched cards, a memory unit in which to store numbers, sequential control, and
most of the other basic elements of the present-day computer. In 1843 Babbage‘s
friend mathematician Ada Lovelace translated a French paper about the Analytical
Engine and, in her own annotations, published how it could perform a sequence of
calculations, the first computer program. The Analytical Engine, however, was
never completed. Babbage‘s design was forgotten until his unpublished notebooks
were discovered in 1937. In 1991 British scientists built Difference Engine No. 2—
accurate to 31 digits—to Babbage‘s specifications, and in 2000 the printer for the
Difference Engine was also built.
Babbage made notable contributions in other areas as well. He assisted in
establishing the modern postal system in England and compiled the first reliable
actuarial tables. He also invented a type of speedometer and the locomotive
cowcatcher
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