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For My Love<br />
Thanks to all who contributed to CE<br />
Magazine. Have an article you would like<br />
contribute? You can mail it to:<br />
CE, P.O. Box 8619<br />
Michigan City In 46360<br />
Or E-Mail it to<br />
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CE Magazine® is part of OtherSide<br />
Ministries © all rights reserved<br />
Founder & Chief Editor<br />
Peter Nadal<br />
Editor<br />
Pamela Kennoy<br />
Our Writers<br />
Rodrigo Esperanza / Nomar Shaw<br />
Diane G / Big Poppa<br />
Outside Sour<strong>ce</strong>s On This Month <strong>issue</strong><br />
Vol 5 February 2022 <strong>issue</strong> 2<br />
5 Hey Pete!<br />
11 CE MAGAZINE LINKS TABLET<br />
12 Biz Cards board!! Hey its free<br />
13 10 romantic ideas for<br />
Valentine’s Day at home<br />
14 10 tips to enhan<strong>ce</strong> your<br />
relationship on Valentine’s Day<br />
without spending a dime<br />
17 Microsoft to repla<strong>ce</strong> legacy Edge<br />
in April with Chromium-based<br />
version<br />
20 How to Change the Google Assistant’s<br />
Voi<strong>ce</strong><br />
26 The Legend of St. Valentine<br />
1
Thanks to all who contributed to CE<br />
Magazine. Have an article you would like<br />
contribute? You can mail it to:<br />
CE, P.O. Box 8619<br />
Michigan City In 46360<br />
Or E-Mail it to<br />
computerease@juno.com<br />
CE Magazine® is part of OtherSide<br />
Ministries © all rights reserved<br />
Founder & Chief Editor<br />
Peter Nadal<br />
Editor<br />
Pamela Kennoy<br />
Our Writers<br />
Rodrigo Esperanza / Nomar Shaw<br />
Diane G / Big Poppa<br />
Vol 6 February <strong>2023</strong> <strong>issue</strong> 2<br />
5 Hey Pete!<br />
11 CE MAGAZINE LINKS TABLET<br />
12 Biz Cards board!! Hey its free<br />
13 10 romantic ideas for<br />
Valentine’s Day at home<br />
17 AT-HOME VALENTINE'S DAY<br />
IDEAS FOR COUPLES<br />
20 How to Change the Google Assistant’s<br />
Voi<strong>ce</strong><br />
26 The Legend of St. Valentine<br />
Outside Sour<strong>ce</strong>s On This Month <strong>issue</strong><br />
CE Magazine® is part of OtherSide Ministries © all rights reserved<br />
Michigan City Indiana<br />
Vol 5 February <strong>2023</strong> <strong>issue</strong> 2<br />
Front Cover: Valentine design by<br />
Peter Nadal<br />
Original Computer-Ease logo ©<br />
2
3
Welcome to Pete’s Desk and if this is your 1 st time reading CE Magazine we welcome<br />
you aboard. We here at CE Magazine comb the internet for those great articles that<br />
remain in obscurity. We find them and bring them back to the light on<strong>ce</strong> more for you,<br />
our readers; hen<strong>ce</strong> we do your searching for you.<br />
This last Tuesday the 14 th was Valentine’s Day and CE Magazine has dedicated<br />
February <strong>issue</strong> (most of it) to such a romantic day. From Rodrigo Esperanza, our<br />
romantic staff writer, to other writers who give some very romantic evening advise.<br />
On page 11 is CE MAGAZINE LINKS TABLET By Nomar Shaw and it has a<br />
treasure trove of links on valentines, take a look, I did!<br />
We are taking ads and if you are interested drop us an email at:<br />
computerease@juno.com or mail us at CE, P.O. Box 8619, Michigan City In 46360<br />
and will will send you a flyer of pri<strong>ce</strong>s and sizes available.<br />
Thank you for reading CE Magazine® and do follow us on Computer-Ease on<br />
Fa<strong>ce</strong>book<br />
Pete<br />
4
A<br />
Valentine painting from lil Picasso!<br />
You are here: Home / early learning / Valentine’s Day Handprint Art for Early Learners<br />
craft, early learning, holiday, Valentine's Day<br />
Valentine’s Day Handprint Art for Early Learners<br />
February 4, 2019<br />
Here’s a super simple, but super fun, early learning activity for your toddlers and<br />
preschoolers. I’ve been making these with my son sin<strong>ce</strong> birth and it’s been a fun<br />
progression watching him take on more of the project himself each time.<br />
First, you’ll need a finger painted background to use for the cut out hearts. For easy<br />
cleanup, I use washable acrylic paint sealed in a Ziploc bag. Carter likes to help me<br />
dot the paint on the card stock and then I seal it in a bag.<br />
After that, I let him get<br />
busy squishing the paint<br />
around.<br />
5
Sometimes things get<br />
pretty creative.<br />
6
As soon as he’s finished, I open the Ziploc bag and tear it down both sides to gently<br />
separate the card stock from the bag. You’ll want to do this before the paint is dry<br />
so that the card stock doesn’t stick to the bag and tear.<br />
7
This part alone is pretty enough to hang on the refrigerator, but we cut them into<br />
hearts to complete our Valentine’s Day art.<br />
Then we made<br />
handprint stamps using<br />
washable ink pads. You<br />
can also do this part<br />
with paint, but I prefer<br />
the look of stamps<br />
because they keep more<br />
of the fine details. Ink<br />
is also less messy.<br />
8
Finally, attach the cutout hearts with a glue dots so it looks like the hands are<br />
holding the heart. These make such a great keepsake and gift for parents,<br />
grandparents, or other caregivers!<br />
If you need to grab a printable that’s ready to go, I’ve uploaded this one to my shop.<br />
Print it as many times as you need.<br />
9
Looking for other handprint and footprint craft ideas? Visit our family blog for<br />
many more.<br />
by Christi Fultz<br />
About Christi Fultz<br />
wife • mom • teacher • writer • tech obsessed • sometime crafter<br />
• beach lover | Empowering entrepreneurs through branding &<br />
website design<br />
View all posts by Christi Fultz<br />
10
CE MAGAZINE LINKS TABLET<br />
By Nomar Shaw<br />
And finally … for the adults!<br />
https://nontoygifts.com/handprint-valentine-craftskids/<br />
https://www.craftymorning.com/valentines-dayhandprint-craft-card-ideas/<br />
https://www.hellowonderful.co/post/love-handprintart/<br />
https://fun-a-day.com/valentine-handprint-craft-hearttree/<br />
https://fun-a-day.com/valentine-handprint-craft-hearttree/<br />
https://www.pillarboxblue.com/valentine-craft-ideas-foradults/<br />
11
erworld | Feb 8, 2021 1:46 pm PST<br />
10 romantic ideas for Valentine’s Day at home<br />
12
February 12, 2018 — Written by Gina DeMillo Wagner<br />
Share this article<br />
This is part 1 of our 4 part #LoveWhereYouLive series. We’ve dedicated this<br />
Valentine’s season to a pla<strong>ce</strong> close to our hearts: the home.<br />
You know the saying: Home is where the heart is. So why go anywhere else for<br />
Valentine’s Day? While others scramble for dinner reservations and book expensive<br />
getaways, you can relax and enjoy a romantic night in the comfort of your own<br />
home.<br />
Here are 10 creative ways you can turn your home into a romantic sanctuary and<br />
<strong>ce</strong>lebrate your love:<br />
1. Cook a romantic dinner<br />
Most of us have a favorite dish from our favorite restaurant — the one we crave<br />
time and time again. Have you ever tried to recreate that dish at home? With a little<br />
internet research, you can often replicate fancy restaurant meals at home. If you’re<br />
not sure where to start, try one of these restaurant-quality recipes from Taste of<br />
Home.<br />
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2. Create a Spa experien<strong>ce</strong> at home<br />
Not everyone has the time or money to spend a day at a fancy spa. But you can<br />
pamper yourself and your partner by creating your own spa at home. Light some<br />
aromatherapy candles, draw a bubble bath or take turns giving each other a back<br />
massage. For do-it-yourself recipes for bath bombs, hair conditioners, mud masks<br />
and more, check out this helpful article from Babble.<br />
3. Turn your living room into a ballroom<br />
When’s the last time you and your sweetheart went dancing? Move aside the living<br />
room furniture to create some spa<strong>ce</strong>, cue up some music and dan<strong>ce</strong> the night away.<br />
You can learn traditional ballroom dan<strong>ce</strong> moves like the Tango or Salsa with online<br />
courses such as LearntoDan<strong>ce</strong>.com. Or just freestyle it with your favorite music.<br />
4. Cuddle up and watch a movie<br />
There’s no better excuse than Valentine’s Day to snuggle under a blanket and watch<br />
a romantic movie. Lifehack made a list of the 23 most romantic flicks for<br />
Valentine’s Day — and some of their choi<strong>ce</strong>s may surprise you! Or, for something<br />
more personal, you could snuggle and watch home movies or look through old<br />
photo albums.<br />
5. Surprise your partner with a backyard picnic<br />
There’s something romantic about a picnic for two. If you live in a mild climate,<br />
create a backyard picnic and stargaze with your sweetheart.<br />
Lay out a quilt or blanket and feast on a variety of portable foods, such as these<br />
suggestions from Food Network. If the weather outside is frightful, you can host a<br />
picnic indoors by candlelight or by the firepla<strong>ce</strong>. Lay out a blanket and pillows to<br />
make it cozier.<br />
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6. Channel your inner pastry chef<br />
Nothing is sweeter than preparing a fancy dessert with your partner. Elevate your<br />
baking skills with one of these heart-shaped dessert recipes from Taste of Home. Or<br />
create a simple, romantic dessert such as chocolate-dipped strawberries paired with<br />
champagne. Just dip fresh strawberries into melted chocolate (semisweet chocolate<br />
chips melted in the microwave work great) and pla<strong>ce</strong> them in the refrigerator to<br />
harden for an hour before serving.<br />
7. Play games<br />
Being playful and having fun isn’t just for children. Research shows that adults<br />
benefit from games too. They’re a sour<strong>ce</strong> of relaxation, and they build your<br />
problem-solving skills, which can help strengthen your relationship. On Valentine’s<br />
Day, dust off your favorite board games, grab a deck of cards or play a round of<br />
Truth or Dare with your partner. For more on the benefits of playing games, check<br />
out this article at Help Guide.<br />
8. Take a trip around the world — without leaving home<br />
Perhaps you’ve been dreaming about a romantic wine tour in Italy or a relaxing trip<br />
to a far-away beach. Bring those adventures right to your doorstep by organizing a<br />
themed date night at home. If Italy is your dream, you could use these tips from<br />
Tuscany Tonight to host an Italian wine tasting party. Likewise, if you’re longing<br />
for summer weather and sandy beaches, you can bring some vacation rituals into<br />
your home using ideas from Houzz.<br />
9. Create a scavenger hunt around the house<br />
Write a series of clues to guide your partner on a fun scavenger hunt around the<br />
house, leading to a surprise at the end such as a romantic meal or gift. Each clue,<br />
whether it’s a riddle or photo, should lead to the next. Pinterest offers several ideas<br />
for adult scavenger hunts and creative clues.<br />
10. Create art together<br />
Tap into your creative side and make some artwork together as a couple. You could<br />
create a collage of photographs of each other, write a poem together or gather some<br />
paints and a canvas and paint a romantic image like these from Pinterest. No matter<br />
what you create, display it as a reminder of your love for one another.<br />
Of course, these ideas also work for date nights at home, not just on Valentine’s<br />
Day. So keep them handy year-round to <strong>ce</strong>lebrate the person you love the most in<br />
the pla<strong>ce</strong> you love the most.<br />
15
What romantic plans do you have to <strong>ce</strong>lebrate this day with your Valentine? Follow<br />
us on Fa<strong>ce</strong>book, Twitter or Instagram!<br />
Related articles:<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
This Valentine’s Day, #LoveWhereYouLive<br />
5 tips to show your home some love<br />
10 ways to keep your emotions in check when it’s time to sell your home<br />
Celebrations Events & Parties Holidays & Occasions Valentine's Day<br />
16
Fun Valentine’s Day Things for Couples to Do at Home<br />
By Jenn Kropf February 8, <strong>2023</strong><br />
With three young kiddos, my husband and have to do date night at home more often<br />
than not. So, I’ve been wondering…<br />
How can I <strong>ce</strong>lebrate Valentine’s Day at home with my husband?<br />
Are you in need of at home Valentine’s Day ideas too?<br />
Here are easy ways to have fun together without leaving your comfy abode.<br />
17
1. Start With Breakfast in Bed<br />
First, begin the special day with a simple breakfast together in bed! (This isn’t a lot<br />
of work unless you want it to be.)<br />
Buy muffins, indulgent coffee, and/or mimosa ingredients ahead of time, and get up<br />
a few minutes early to enjoy them together while the kids are still sleeping or<br />
otherwise occupied.<br />
2. Do a Chocolate Tasting<br />
What’s your favorite chocolate? Do you know?<br />
For a special Valentine’s Day treat, buy three different kinds of fancy chocolate and<br />
do some taste testing together. Perhaps there’s a variety or brand you find that’s<br />
better than the others.<br />
To go in-depth check out this chocolate tasting for couples at Datingdivas.com.<br />
3. Liven Up Your Conversation<br />
Time to get the conversation going! Get creative with specific questions for<br />
couples or play this Valentine’s Day Trivia Questions Game. They are simple<br />
ways to talk about things outside of your normal routine!<br />
These would you rather questions are for couples also work great >><br />
18
5. Have a Romantic Picnic<br />
Picnics are the BEST cheap yet romantic date. Take your picnic delicacies on a<br />
blanket outside or on the floor in your living room next to the fire.<br />
Here are fun picnic food ideas:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
fancy olives<br />
gourmet cheeses<br />
salami or prosciutto<br />
a pie<strong>ce</strong> of bakery cheesecake, cake, or cupcake<br />
fresh fruit<br />
sli<strong>ce</strong>d peppers or cucumbers that dip in guacamole<br />
quality crackers or a fresh loaf of bread with butter<br />
bottle of wine<br />
chocolates<br />
4. Get or Make a Pizza<br />
Short on time or energy? There’s no shame in picking up a pizza! Most pla<strong>ce</strong>s even<br />
have one in the shape of a heart for the holiday.<br />
19
6. Swap Massages<br />
Next, enjoy a little relaxing love on this fine day. Swap shoulder rubs, then enjoy a<br />
bubble bath (together or apart), candles, and chocolates by the tub. A foot massager<br />
works well too.<br />
*Having a warm set of towels ready to go when you’re done is a ni<strong>ce</strong> added<br />
touch.<br />
7. Eat Mood Inducing Foods<br />
Want to really spi<strong>ce</strong> things up?!<br />
Serve up a dinner of foods that get the motor running…<br />
Here are some aphrodisiac foods backed by scien<strong>ce</strong>, according to healthline.com:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
pistachio nuts<br />
fenugreek<br />
red ginseng<br />
saffron<br />
It turns out that the foods we associate with getting in the mood (chocolate and<br />
oysters) don’t have a ton of scientific eviden<strong>ce</strong> to back them up. Yet, serving them<br />
may give you a ni<strong>ce</strong> pla<strong>ce</strong>bo effect anyway!<br />
8. Dan<strong>ce</strong> in the Kitchen<br />
20
Next, turn up your favorite music and take your partner’s hand. Enjoy a slow dan<strong>ce</strong><br />
together or take it up a notch and get your boogie on. Either way, you’ll be enjoying<br />
yourself!<br />
9. Go Somewhere (Kind of)<br />
For this unique way to make Valentine’s Day special, there are two options.<br />
<br />
Create a theme in your home from a pla<strong>ce</strong> you’ve been or would like to go.<br />
For example, Houzz.com shows us how to bring the beach to our home.<br />
Then, enjoy the food and culture associated with that pla<strong>ce</strong>.<br />
OR<br />
<br />
Plan out a future vacation together. Maybe it’s a getaway you want to do with<br />
just the two of you. Or perhaps it’s a family vacation that will create lasting<br />
memories. Whatever it is, spend the evening hatching out your plan.<br />
10. Sneak Out<br />
Perhaps you need to branch out and do something spontaneous.<br />
On<strong>ce</strong> the kids go to bed, bundle up and sneak outside to drink champagne in the<br />
snow. After you get a little chilly, warm up together by the fire.<br />
*If you’re feeling in a rut, check out these small ideas to get out of your comfort<br />
zone and do one with your partner!<br />
21
11. Cook a Romantic Dinner<br />
A fancy dinner by candlelight is always a fun treat! So, break out the good food and<br />
wine!<br />
If you have kids and you’d love for this to be special for you and your partner, put<br />
them to bed early, or give a little extra tv time. Then, enjoy the food and great<br />
company.<br />
12. Take a Personality Test<br />
Confession: we were a wee bit obsessed with the Enneagram personality chart for a<br />
while.<br />
But really, how cool is it to have a tool that helps you learn about yourself and your<br />
significant other?! The truth is, it’s very difficult to see ourselves clearly. So, spend<br />
time learning about the two of you.<br />
Take an Enneagram test HERE.<br />
13. Make Dessert Together<br />
Perhaps a fancy dinner is too much work! Instead, stick with dessert. Bake beautiful<br />
sugar cookies or a sweet heart-shaped cake to enjoy together at the end of the night.<br />
14. Create a Dinner Bar<br />
Another easy dinner option is to turn your dinner into a ―bar.‖ Make a nacho bar or<br />
baked potato bar and have fun putting creative toppings on your dinner.<br />
22
15. Have a Living Room Campout<br />
While this is one of our favorite family ideas in the winter, it also makes a great<br />
date! When the kids go to bed, make s’mores in the oven and enjoy them with wine<br />
and a film together. Or get creative with your own blanket fort.<br />
Here’s a great list of romantic movies and cute challenges for couples to help you<br />
connect!<br />
16. Try Game Night<br />
Dust off those games! Then, mix up a Valentine’s cocktail, break out the snacks,<br />
and channel your inner playfulness for a night of board games, cards, or video<br />
games.<br />
*Double bonus: challenge your partner to a game of strip poker or sexy Truth or<br />
Dare.<br />
17. Get Out Old Stuff<br />
One holiday, my husband and I pulled out old cards and gifts we’d given each other<br />
when dating. Not only was this free, but it was a bit emotional and kept us engaged<br />
for hours.<br />
23
18. Write Your Bucket List<br />
Next, have you ever thought of what you want to do with your one precious life?<br />
Of course, all of those dreams affect your partner! So, get out a pen (or your<br />
computer) and dream together!<br />
Check out these vision boards for couples, these fun bucket list ideas for<br />
couples, or this five year plan idea if you need a guide.<br />
An Added Touch to Make Valentine’s Day Special<br />
The ideas above make for great stay-at-home dates. Now, let’s find a few extra<br />
ideas to make Valentine’s Day special for both of you.<br />
24
19. Leave Love Notes or Gifts<br />
Kids aren’t the only ones that enjoy notes of love and appreciation (get free love notes for them HERE).<br />
Adults like it too!<br />
So, pull out a few post-its and write something specific that you appreciate about your partner. The gesture<br />
won’t go unnoti<strong>ce</strong>d.<br />
Then, go to this link: A Fun list of creative little love gifts for more ideas!<br />
20. Hold Hands<br />
Easy, right? But as the busyness of life gets in the way, often we forget to do this. Bring it back on this day and<br />
be intentional about grabbing your partner’s hand at least on<strong>ce</strong>.<br />
21. Toast to Your Relationship<br />
The two of you are still going strong, and that’s something to <strong>ce</strong>lebrate! So, get out that champagne and toast<br />
your hard work and commitment.<br />
22. Get a Fun Bedroom Game<br />
Most parents of kids are tired. But we all need to shake up the routine on<strong>ce</strong> in a while. So, make it easy by<br />
purchasing a small bedroom game that helps you spi<strong>ce</strong> things up.<br />
25
23. Hide Hershey’s Kisses<br />
Here’s a cheap, yet super EASY at-home Valentine’s Day idea! Give your partner a<br />
jar of Hershey’s kisses or hide them around their stuff. Everyone appreciates a little<br />
chocolate!<br />
24. Write 10 Things<br />
Finally, write ten things you love about your partner. Use this free reasons why I<br />
love you printable or make it into a card or booklet and suddenly you have a free<br />
but meaningful way to say I love you.<br />
Find more ideas with 131 Ways to Say I Love You (without saying the words)<br />
To Consider With At-Home Valentine’s Day Ideas<br />
These at-home Valentine’s Day ideas can be used for any holiday, anniversary, or<br />
even just a regular date night at home!<br />
What are your favorite Valentine’s Day ideas at home?<br />
More posts for couples and family…<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Creative Date Night Gift Ideas – these easy gift baskets make memories!<br />
20 Festive Holiday Traditions For Couples – do you have traditions just for you and<br />
your partner?<br />
12 Months of Fun Holiday Date Ideas – Unique dates for special events!<br />
The Best Valentine’s Day Ideas for your family – try one today!<br />
26
Other awesome Healthy Happy Impactful posts…<br />
60+ Useful, Meaningful, and Creative Non-Toy Gifts For Kids<br />
Stay at Home Ideas For Valentine’s Day That Will Rock Your World<br />
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advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to<br />
www.amazon.com.<br />
All content on Healthy Happy Impactful is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended to<br />
be a substitute for professional advi<strong>ce</strong>, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advi<strong>ce</strong> of your specific<br />
qualified providers.<br />
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Note: Click on MORE<br />
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From The staff of CE Magazine<br />
28
The Legend of St. Valentine<br />
Saint Valentine, who according to some sour<strong>ce</strong>s is actually two distinct historical characters<br />
who were said to have healed a child while imprisoned and executed by decapitation.<br />
Fototeca Gilardi/Getty Images<br />
The history of Valentine’s Day—and the story of its patron saint—is<br />
shrouded in mystery. We do know that February has long been <strong>ce</strong>lebrated<br />
as a month of roman<strong>ce</strong>, and that St. Valentine’s Day, as we know it today,<br />
contains vestiges of both Christian and ancient Roman tradition. But who<br />
was Saint Valentine, and how did he become associated with this ancient<br />
rite?<br />
READ MORE: Who Was the Real St. Valentine?<br />
The Catholic Church recognizes at least three different saints named<br />
Valentine or Valentinus, all of whom were martyred. One legend contends<br />
that Valentine was a priest who served during the third <strong>ce</strong>ntury in Rome.<br />
When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers<br />
than those with wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men.<br />
29
Valentine, realizing the injusti<strong>ce</strong> of the decree, defied Claudius and<br />
continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret. When<br />
Valentine’s actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to<br />
death. Still others insist that it was Saint Valentine of Terni, a bishop, who<br />
was the true namesake of the holiday. He, too, was beheaded by Claudius<br />
II outside Rome.<br />
Other stories suggest that Valentine may have been killed for attempting<br />
to help Christians escape harsh Roman prisons, where they were often<br />
beaten and tortured. According to one legend, an imprisoned Valentine<br />
actually sent the first ―valentine‖ greeting himself after he fell in love with<br />
a young girl—possibly his jailor’s daughter—who visited him during his<br />
confinement. Before his death, it is alleged that he wrote her a letter<br />
signed ―From your Valentine,‖ an expression that is still in use today.<br />
Although the truth behind the Valentine legends is murky, the stories all<br />
emphasize his appeal as a sympathetic, heroic and—most importantly—<br />
romantic figure. By the Middle Ages, perhaps thanks to this reputation,<br />
Valentine would become one of the most popular saints in England and<br />
Fran<strong>ce</strong>.<br />
Origins of Valentine’s Day: A Pagan Festival in February<br />
February to commemorate the anniversary of Valentine’s death or<br />
burial—which probably occurred around A.D. 270—others claim that the<br />
Christian church may have decided to pla<strong>ce</strong> St. Valentine’s feast day in<br />
the middle of February in an effort to ―Christianize‖ the pagan <strong>ce</strong>lebration<br />
of Lupercalia. Celebrated at the ides of February, or February 15,<br />
Lupercalia was a fertility festival dedicated to Faunus, the Roman god of<br />
agriculture, as well as to the Roman founders Romulus and Remus.<br />
READ MORE: 6 Surprising Facts About St. Valentine<br />
To begin the festival, members of the Luperci, an order of Roman priests,<br />
would gather at a sacred cave where the infants Romulus and Remus, the<br />
founders of Rome, were believed to have been cared for by a she-wolf or<br />
lupa. The priests would sacrifi<strong>ce</strong> a goat, for fertility, and a dog, for<br />
purification. They would then strip the goat’s hide into strips, dip them<br />
into the sacrificial blood and take to the streets, gently slapping both<br />
30
women and crop fields with the goat hide. Far from being fearful, Roman<br />
women welcomed the touch of the hides because it was believed to make<br />
them more fertile in the coming year. Later in the day, according to<br />
legend, all the young women in the city would pla<strong>ce</strong> their names in a big<br />
urn. The city’s bachelors would each choose a name and become paired<br />
for the year with his chosen woman. These matches often ended in<br />
marriage.<br />
Valentine’s Day: A Day of Roman<strong>ce</strong><br />
A<br />
Victorian valentine depicting cupids. K.J. Historical/Corbis/Getty Images<br />
Lupercalia survived the initial rise of Christianity but was outlawed—as it<br />
was deemed ―un-Christian‖—at the end of the 5th <strong>ce</strong>ntury, when Pope<br />
Gelasius declared February 14 St. Valentine’s Day. It was not until much<br />
later, however, that the day became definitively associated with love.<br />
During the Middle Ages, it was commonly believed in Fran<strong>ce</strong> and<br />
England that February 14 was the beginning of birds’ mating season,<br />
which added to the idea that the middle of Valentine’s Day should be a<br />
day for roman<strong>ce</strong>. The English poet Geoffrey Chau<strong>ce</strong>r was the first to<br />
record St. Valentine’s Day as a day of romantic <strong>ce</strong>lebration in his 1375<br />
poem ―Parliament of Foules,‖ writing, ――For this was sent on Seynt<br />
Valentyne’s day / Whan every foul cometh ther to choose his mate.‖<br />
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Valentine greetings were popular as far back as the Middle Ages, though<br />
written Valentine’s didn’t begin to appear until after 1400. The oldest<br />
known valentine still in existen<strong>ce</strong> today was a poem written in 1415 by<br />
Charles, Duke of Orleans, to his wife while he was imprisoned in the<br />
Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt. (The<br />
greeting is now part of the manuscript collection of the British Library in<br />
London, England.) Several years later, it is believed that King Henry V<br />
hired a writer named John Lydgate to compose a valentine note to<br />
Catherine of Valois.<br />
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