Predatory Lending

The second strand of the literature studies predatory lending in personal finance. In
particular, researchers have focused on the debate about whether payday lending helps or
exploits borrowers. Morse (2011) shows that borrowers in areas with payday lending are more
resilient to natural disasters. In contrast, Melzer (2011) uses cross-border variation and finds no
evidence that payday lending alleviates hardship. Bertrand and Morse (2011) find that providing
additional information about loans to payday borrowers reduces loan take-up. Agarwal, Skiba,
and Tobacman (2009) show that payday borrowers preserve access to formal credit through their
credit cards while paying very high interest rates on their payday loans.
2. Illinois Predatory Lending Database Pilot Program (HB4050)
2.1. Description of the Pilot Program
In 2005, the Illinois legislature passed a bill intended to curtail predatory lending.
Although the state had a number of anti-predatory provisions in place, like prevailing practices
elsewhere in the country, they were based on loan characteristics. Some political leaders in
Illinois became concerned about the ease with which lenders could avoid the trigger criteria of
anti-predatory programs by creatively packaging their loans. For instance, balloon mortgages
targeted by regulations were replaced with adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) with short fixedrate
periods and steep rate reset slopes (the so-called 2/28 and 3/27 hybrid ARMs). 4
Consequently, the new bill included a new enforcement mechanism and tougher penalties for
noncompliance. It also sought to educate borrowers prior to closing on their new mortgage loans.
To that effect, the legislation sponsored by Illinois House Speaker Michael Madigan
mandated review of mortgage offers for “high-risk borrowers” by HUD-certified housing
counselors. High-risk borrowers were defined as applicants with sufficiently low credit scores or
sufficiently risky product choices. The legislation set the FICO score threshold for mandatory
counseling at 620, with an additional provision that borrowers with FICO scores in the 621–650
4 For a detailed analysis of the impact of the state anti-predatory lending laws on the type of mortgage products used
in the market, see Bostic et al. (2012).
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