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R<br />
14 Veto<br />
follow us: facebook.com/vetotrivandrum 17<br />
BWv. Reported speech Â<br />
Subject \v tijta Auxiliary<br />
verb D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hq, am{Xhp-aÃ<br />
Auxiliary verb past Dw<br />
Bbn-cn-¡Ww.<br />
5. D¯cw: (a) maps<br />
6. D¯cw: (c) usually goes<br />
• Hcp hmIy-¯n usuallyF<br />
hm¡v hm B hmIyw<br />
simple present emWv km[m-c-<br />
W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Xv.<br />
7. D¯cw: (d) Children will<br />
always act like children<br />
8. D¯cw: (c) Were you running<br />
- \o HmSp-I-bm-bn-cptm?<br />
9. D¯cw: (d) painted<br />
• It is time Ignªv Hcp subject<br />
\v tijw blank hcp-s¦nÂ<br />
B `mKw simple past Â<br />
thWw Fgp-tX≠- -Xv.<br />
10. D¯cw: (b) would buy<br />
• ‘If clause’ simple past emsW-<br />
¦n Main clause  would+V<br />
D m-I-Ww.<br />
11. D¯cw: (b) gang<br />
12. D¯cw: (b) sober<br />
13. D¯cw: (a) aren’t I<br />
• Question tag  amn’t Fv<br />
D]-tbm-Kn-t¡- n-h-cp kml-Ncy-§-fnÂ<br />
(Cw¥o-jn amn’t I<br />
Fsmcp {]tbm-K-an-Ãm-¯-<br />
Xn-\mÂ) aren’t I Fv D]-tbm-<br />
Kn-¡-Ww.<br />
14. D¯cw: (d) The post office<br />
was<br />
• Xncn¡p hmIyw reported<br />
speech DÅXmWv. Hcp<br />
reported speechFÃmbvt¸mgpw<br />
statement cq]¯nepÅXv<br />
Bbncn¡pw. AXmbXv subject<br />
\v tijw am{Xta Auxiliary<br />
verb/main verb FgpXm³<br />
]mSpÅp ChnsS, post<br />
office F ]ZamWv report<br />
sN¿s¸tS `mKs¯ subject<br />
FXn\m ‘was’ AXn\v<br />
tijta tNÀt¡≠ XpÅp.<br />
am{Xaà reporting verb Bb<br />
‘asked’ past tense BbXn<br />
\m hmIyw apgph³ past<br />
tense Bbncn¡pIbpw<br />
thWw. AXn\m (a) option<br />
D¯cambn FSp¡m\pw<br />
IgnbnÃ.<br />
15. D¯cw: (c) acquitted<br />
16. D¯cw: (a) had<br />
• I wish I Ign-ªm simple<br />
past D]-tbm-Kn-¡-Ww.<br />
17. D¯cw: (d) did the accident<br />
happen<br />
• CsXmcp introgative sentence<br />
Bb-Xn-\m Question word<br />
Ignªm auxiliary verb Dw<br />
AXp Ignªv am{Xta Subject<br />
Dw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hq. did<br />
Ignªv hcp verb sâ root<br />
form am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-¡mhq<br />
F-Xn-\m (c) D¯-c-am-¡m³<br />
Ign-bn-Ã.<br />
18. D¯cw: (c) at<br />
• good,clever Fn-h-tbm-sSm¸w<br />
‘at’ F preposition BWv D]-<br />
tbm-Kn-t¡- -≠Xv.<br />
19. D¯cw: (c) in case you need<br />
• in case Ignªm km[m-c-Wbmbn<br />
simple presentcq]-¯neqÅ<br />
`mKw Fgp-X-Ww.<br />
20. D¯cw: (a) would recognise<br />
• Xn-cn-¡p hmIy-¯nse<br />
verb ‘past’ Bb-Xn-\m option<br />
se past form D]-tbm-Kn-¡-Ww.<br />
All - Tips<br />
All + plural Noun + Plural Verb<br />
eg: All students were given a<br />
good opportunity<br />
21. D¯cw: (c) with<br />
• ‘satisfy’ F verb t\msSm¸w<br />
with F preposition tNÀ¡<br />
Ww.<br />
22. D¯cw: (b) injury<br />
• ‘Add insult to injury’ FXv Hcp<br />
idiom (ssien) BWv.<br />
• ‘Add insult to injury’ means to<br />
make a bad experience even more<br />
painful. {]XnIqeamb AhØ<br />
IqSpXÂ tamiam¡m³ th≠n<br />
]cnlkn¡pItbm A]am\n<br />
¡pItbm sN¿pI.<br />
23. D¯cw: (d) was waiting<br />
Tense - Tips<br />
`qXIme¯n \S c≠ v<br />
{]hr¯nIfn IqSpX \o ≠ p<br />
\n¡pXns\ Ipdn¡phm³<br />
past continuous (was/were<br />
+v+ing) Dw complete<br />
sNbvXXns\ Ipdn¡m³<br />
simple past (S+past form of<br />
verb OR s+ did+verb) Dw D]<br />
tbmKn¡pp.<br />
24. D¯cw: (b)<br />
• Comparative degree epÅ<br />
hmIyamWnhnsS sImSp¯ncn<br />
Personal<br />
Pronoun<br />
Subject<br />
form<br />
Object<br />
form<br />
1 st Person I, we me, us<br />
2 nd Person You You<br />
3 rd Person<br />
he, she,<br />
it, they<br />
him, her,<br />
it, them<br />
¡pXv. Comparative degree<br />
bn ‘than’\v tijw subject<br />
cq]amWv \ÂtI ≠Xv. Xncn<br />
¡p option Ifn ‘I’<br />
am{XamWv subject cq]¯nep<br />
ÅXv.<br />
25. D¯cw: (d) lending<br />
l ‘would you mind’ IgnªmÂ<br />
‘ing’ form D]tbmKn¡Ww<br />
26. D¯cw: (c) pleasing<br />
27. D¯cw: (d) He said that he<br />
was disappointed.<br />
Reported speech - tips<br />
• Statement cq]¯nepÅ hmIy<br />
s¯ dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿pXn<br />
\mbn Double inverted comma<br />
bv¡v ]pd¯pÅXv FSps¯<br />
gpXn that tNÀ¯ tijw<br />
hmIy¯nse auxiliary verb s\<br />
past B¡nbm aXn.<br />
• Auxiliary verb CÃm¯]£w<br />
Main verb sâ Past Dw Main<br />
Verb Xs Past BsW¦nÂ<br />
AXnsâ past perfect Dw<br />
FgpXWw. was/were s\ had<br />
been B¡n amäWw.<br />
28. D¯cw: (d) could have seen<br />
• ‘If clause’ past perfect<br />
tense  (had + ppv/had<br />
+ been) BsW¦n main<br />
clause would have+ppv<br />
Asæn could have + ppv<br />
D mbncn¡Ww.<br />
9. D¯cw: (b) the lighter the air<br />
will be<br />
• ‘The more ........... The more sâ<br />
{]tbmKamWnhnsS \ÂIn<br />
bncn¡pXv.<br />
Animal Homes<br />
Ant - Hill or Formicary<br />
Bat - Roost, Cave<br />
Bear - Den<br />
Beaver - Lodge<br />
Bee - Hive<br />
Bird - Nest<br />
Cat - Cattery, Lain Den<br />
Cattle - Barn, Byre,<br />
Pasture, Stable<br />
Chicken - Coop, Run<br />
Dog - Kennel<br />
Fox - Earth, Den, Hole,<br />
Lair<br />
Hare - Form<br />
Horse - Paddock, Stable,<br />
v<br />
v<br />
(The + comparative form + sub<br />
+ verb + the + comparative<br />
form + sub + verb)<br />
10. D¯cw: (c) method of operation<br />
11. D¯cw: (c) bureaux<br />
12. D¯cw: (a) hygiene<br />
13. D¯cw: (a) to root out D\vaqe\w<br />
sN¿pI<br />
14. D¯cw: (b) put out<br />
go down - to descend; to<br />
decrease<br />
get off - to stop; to disembark<br />
let out - to release<br />
15. D¯cw: (d) love<br />
16. D¯cw: (d) neutral<br />
17. D¯cw: (b) is<br />
• c≠ hyXykvX subject<br />
Isf X½n ‘as well as’ D]<br />
tbmKn¨v Iq«nt¨À¡pt¼mÄ<br />
BZy subject sâ GIhN\<br />
_lphN\ kz`mha\pkcn¨v<br />
thWw Auxiliary verb/main<br />
verb D]tbmKnt¡ ≠Xv.<br />
18. D¯cw: (c) fake<br />
19. D¯cw: (a) to<br />
• senior, junior, inferior, superior,<br />
prefer, refer Fnhtbm<br />
sSm¸w ‘to’ preposition D]<br />
tbmKn¡Ww.<br />
20. D¯cw: (a) study<br />
• unless hcp `mK¯v no, not<br />
XpS§o s\KÁohv ]Z§Ä<br />
D ≠mIm³ ]mSnÃ. Unless Ign<br />
ªpÅ ‘you’ _lphN\<br />
ambXv sIm≠ study F<br />
_lphN\ {Inb D]tbmKn<br />
¡pIbpw thWw.<br />
Lion - Den<br />
Mole - Burrow,<br />
Fortress,<br />
Tunnel<br />
Pig - Pen, Sty<br />
Rabbit - Warren,<br />
Burrow,Conygarth,<br />
Hutch<br />
Sheep - Fold, Pen<br />
Snake - Nest<br />
Spider - Web<br />
Squirrel - Drey<br />
Termite - Mound<br />
Tiger - Lair<br />
Wolf - Lair, Den