Living Life: April 25, 2019

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6 LIVING LIFE SCIENCE DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR ROY KERR’S THEORY PROVEN RIGHT University of Canterbury Distinguished Professor Roy Kerr. Photo credit: University of Canterbury REVITALIZE YOUR HEARING ACC & VETERANS’ AFFAIRS APPROVED SERVICES PROVIDER HIGH QUALITY EUROPEAN HEARING DEVICES FITTED AND PERSONALIZED FROM ONLY $495 (Offer assumes eligibility for $511.11 Government Subsidy for each hearing aid. Enquire for more information) THE HUB, HORNBY 03 974 1658 Southern Cross Health Society Easyclaim available for members WWW.HEARAGAIN.CO.NZ Astronomers have captured the first image of a black hole, heralding a revolution in our understanding of the universe’s most enigmatic objects, and proving the University of Canterbury’s Canterbury Distinguished Professor Roy Kerr’s 56-year-old theory correct. The picture shows a halo of dust and gas, tracing the outline of a colossal black hole, at the heart of the Messier 87 galaxy, 55m light years from Earth. It is an incredible event for New Zealand science, especially, because it proves UC Canterbury Distinguished Professor Roy Kerr’s theory of rotating black holes, which he created more than 50 years ago. The Royal Society of London has described his work as of particular importance to general relativistic astrophysics, and all subsequent detailed work on black holes has depended fundamentally on it. Canterbury Distinguished Professor Kerr says he set his alarm for 1am to see this very exciting event. “The EHT photo is just the beginning of a new phase in the understanding of our universe. The visual evidence will continue to get more and more sophisticated,” he says. “I was surprised that the best image was not Sagittarius A* but was a super massive black hole 2,000 times further away, and 2,000 times larger.” Back in 1963, before advanced computers existed, with pen and paper Professor Kerr achieved what had eluded others for nearly half a century, solving some of the most difficult equations of physics by hand. He found the exact solution of Albert Einstein’s equations that describe rotating black holes. Professor Kerr’s discovery sparked a revolution in physics. At that time there was no consensus that such objects even existed; the term ‘black hole’ was only coined in 1967. The 2016 discovery of gravitational waves (caused by colliding black holes) by researchers with the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) was made possible by Kerr’s solution. ROY KERR BIOGRAPHY Professor Roy Patrick Kerr is an eminent mathematician, known internationally for discovering the Kerr Vacuum, an exact solution to the Einstein field equation of general relativity. Professor Kerr began his long association with the University of Canterbury in 1951, earning a Bachelor of Science in 1954 and a Master of Science in 1955. He then went to Cambridge to research his PhD and was awarded his doctorate in 1959. From England, Dr Kerr moved to the United States, where as a postdoctoral student in Syracuse, New York, he worked with Professor Peter Bergmann, Albert Einstein’s collaborator. In 1963, while working at the University of Austin in Texas, Dr Kerr did something
that had eluded scientists for 47 years – he discovered the solution to Einstein’s equations that define the space outside a rotating star or black hole. This was something many in the field doubted could be done. Professor Kerr’s discovery triggered a revolution in the field of astrophysics and is now known as the ‘Kerr Vacuum’. Dr Kerr returned to New Zealand and the University of Canterbury in 1971, where he became a Professor of Mathematics for 22 years until his retirement in 1993. Professor Kerr developed strong links with the department of physics and astronomy, where his seminal work on the Kerr Vacuum provided the basis of much research and teaching. Professor Kerr was awarded the British Royal Society’s Hughes Medal in 1984 and the Rutherford Medal from the New Zealand Royal Society in 1993. He was made a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2011, and was awarded the 2013 Albert Einstein medal by the Albert Einstein Society in Switzerland. The University of Canterbury awarded the rare honour of the title Canterbury Distinguished Professor to Emeritus Professor Roy Kerr who also received the prestigious Crafoord Prize in Sweden in 2016. Canterbury Distinguished Professor is the highest academic title that can be awarded by the University and has been conferred only twice before in the University’s history. Title recipients are Nobel Prize winners or equivalent, such as the Crafoord Prize, which is worth over $NZ1 million. STEPHEN HAWKING ON ROY KERR: One of the world’s foremost theoretical physicists famous for his work on black holes, Stephen Hawking, described Kerr’s discovery in his celebrated book, A Brief History of Time. Hawking wrote: “In 1963, Roy Kerr, a New Zealander, found a set of solutions of the equations of general relativity that described rotating black holes. These ‘Kerr’ black holes rotate at a constant rate, their size and shape depending only on their mass and rate of rotation. If the rotation is zero, the black hole is perfectly round, and the solution is identical to the Schwarzschild solution. If the rotation is non-zero, the black hole bulges outward near its equator (just as the Earth or the Sun bulge due to their rotation), and the faster it rotates, the more it bulges. So ... it was conjectured that any rotating body that collapsed to form a black hole would eventually settle down to a stationary state described by the Kerr solution. In 1970 a colleague and fellow research student of mine at Cambridge, Brandon Carter, took the first step toward proving this conjecture. He showed that, provided a stationary rotating black hole had an axis of symmetry, like a spinning top, its size and shape would depend only on its mass and rate of rotation. Then, in 1971, I proved that any stationary rotating black hole would indeed have such an axis of symmetry. Finally, in 1973, David Robinson at Kings College, London, used Carter’s and my results to show that the conjecture had been correct: such a black hole had indeed to be the Kerr solution.” 7 LIVING LIFE SCIENCE Exceptional boutique retirement option in Merivale Open Home 10am – 4pm, Monday to Friday 27 Somme Street • Brand new exclusive & luxurious 1 bedroom serviced apartments • Large sunny courtyards • Cafe, private lounge & bar Call us today for your own personal guided tour MERIVALE RETIREMENT VILLAGE 27 Somme Street, Merivale | Phone: 021 971 487 or 03 375 4117
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Living Life: April 25, 2019

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