International Cyber Terrorism

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disregard for national borders will challenge legal systems and complicate a nation's ability to deter threats and respond to contingencies. In February 2010, the United States Joint Forces Command released a study which included a summary of the threats posed by the internet: With very little investment, and cloaked in a veil of anonymity, our adversaries will inevitably attempt to harm our national interests. <strong>Cyber</strong>space will become a main front in both irregular and traditional conflicts. Enemies in cyberspace will include both states and non-states and will range from the unsophisticated amateur to highly trained professional hackers. Through cyberspace, enemies will target industry, academia, government, as well as the military in the air, land, maritime, and space domains. In much the same way that airpower transformed the battlefield of World War II, cyberspace has fractured the physical barriers that shield a nation from attacks on its commerce and communication. Indeed, adversaries have already taken advantage of computer networks and the power of information technology not only to plan and execute savage acts of terrorism, but also to influence directly the perceptions and will of the U.S. Government and the American population. On 6 October 2011, it was announced that Creech AFB's drone and Predator fleet's command and control data stream had been key-logged, resisting all attempts to reverse the exploit, for the past two weeks. The Air Force issued a statement that the virus had "posed no threat to our operational mission". On 21 November 2011, it was widely reported in the U.S. media that a hacker had destroyed a water pump at the Curran-Gardner Township Public Water District in Illinois. However, it later turned out that this information was not only false, but had been inappropriately leaked from the Illinois Statewide <strong>Terrorism</strong> and Intelligence Center. According to the Foreign Policy magazine, NSA's Tailored Access Operations (TAO) unit "has successfully penetrated Chinese computer and telecommunications systems for almost 15 years, generating some of the best and most reliable intelligence information about what is going on inside the People's Republic of China." On 24 November 2014. The Sony Pictures Entertainment hack was a release of confidential data belonging to Sony Pictures Entertainment (SPE). In June 2015, the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) announced that it had been the target of a data breach targeting the records of as many as four million people. Later, FBI Director James Comey put the number at 18 million. The Washington Post has reported that the attack originated in China, citing unnamed government officials. In 2016, Jeh Johnson the United States Secretary of Homeland Security and James Clapper the U.S. Director of National Intelligence issued a joint statement accusing Russia of interfering with the 2016 United States presidential election. The New York Times reported the Obama administration has formally accused Russia of stealing and disclosing Democratic National Committee emails. Under U.S. law (50 U.S.C.Title 50 – Page 60 of 174
War and National Defense, Chapter 15 – National Security, Subchapter III Accountability for Intelligence Activities ) there must be a formal Presidential finding prior to authorizing a covert attack. U.S. vice president Joe Biden said on the American news interview program Meet The Press that the United States will respond. The New York Times noted that Biden's comment "seems to suggest that Mr. Obama is prepared to order — or has already ordered — some kind of covert action". On December 29 the United States imposed the most extensive sanctions against Russia since the Cold War, expelling 35 Russian diplomats from the United States. The United States has used cyberattacks for tactical advantage in Afghanistan. In 2014 Barack Obama ordered an intensification of cyberwarfare against North Korea's missile program for sabotaging test launches in their opening seconds. In 2016 President Barack Obama authorized the planting of cyber weapons in Russian infrastructure in the final weeks of his presidency in response to Moscow's alleged interference in the 2016 presidential election. In March 2017, WikiLeaks has published more than 8,000 documents on the CIA. The confidential documents, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013–2016, include details on CIA's software capabilities, such as the ability to compromise cars, smart TVs, web browsers (including Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera Software ASA), and the operating systems of Page 61 of 174
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Page 10 and 11: 4. Throughout the process, we encou
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Page 16 and 17: Zechariah 10:5 5 Together they will
Page 20 and 21: This work is not meant to be a piec
Page 22 and 23: Cyberterrorism can be also defined
Page 24 and 25: merging at an accelerated rate, mak
Page 26 and 27: • Complex-Coordinated: The capabi
Page 28 and 29: did act as a catalyst in sparking t
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Page 32 and 33: The chaos resulting from the attack
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Page 36 and 37: previously attacked media organizat
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Page 40 and 41: • In Mr Robot the main plot line
Page 42 and 43: Some governments have made it an in
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Page 46 and 47: One cyber warfare scenario, Cyber S
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Page 50 and 51: Pakistan Computer Bureau, Council o
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Page 56 and 57: Saudi Arabia On August 15, 2012 at
Page 58 and 59: In 2013 Cyberwarfare was, for the f
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Page 64 and 65: the area of cyberspace, the second
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Page 70 and 71: system, e.g. to insert child pornog
Page 74 and 75: Active cyber operations refers to a
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Page 82 and 83: A June 2013 Congressional report fo
Page 84 and 85: and spyware bill and was passed on
Page 86 and 87: sector. The second highlight of the
Page 88 and 89: egulation in 2013. ENISA works acti
Page 90 and 91: In addition, citizens can also rest
Page 92 and 93: Service Components U.S. Cyber Comma
Page 94 and 95: technical assistance for network an
Page 96 and 97: domain; employ more active defenses
Page 100 and 101: • "Stealth" and other advanced sc
Page 102 and 103: • Titan Rain, targeting defense c
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About The Author John C (Jack) John
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International Cyber Terrorism

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