Active IQ Level 3 Certificate in Personal Training (sample manual)

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Section 2: The musculoskeletal system and exercise KEY POINTS Epimysium: the tough membrane that surrounds the whole muscle belly and holds the smaller fasciculi units together. Perimysium: the membrane which surrounds the bundles of muscle fibres (the fasciculi). Endomysium: the membrane that surrounds the individual muscle fibres, which contain the myofibrils. Tendon: tough, inelastic fibres which wrap around the end of the muscle and attach it to the outer layer of the bone. Myofibril: the smallest unit, or fibril, within the individual muscle fibres. Myofilaments: the contractile proteins myosin and actin arranged within compartments in the myofibril called sarcomeres. Force generation and the sliding filament theory Force generation begins with the two contractile proteins myosin and actin (often referred to as thick and thin filaments respectively). As previously stated, these are arranged in a series of compartments called sarcomeres that run the length of the myofibril. Actin filament SARCOMERE IS RELAXED SARCOMERE IS CONTRACTED Myosin filament Muscle fibre Myofibril Figure 2.2 The sliding filament theory The actin (thin filament) is anchored to the ends of the sarcomere and the myosin (thick filament) sits within the middle of the sarcomere, pulling the actin from either end towards the middle to generate tension. Spiralling from the myosin filament is a series of ‘hook like’ projections referred to as myosin heads. During muscular contraction, these heads attach themselves to the actin filaments and rotate, pulling on these filaments. The result of this is that the thinner actin filaments are drawn inwards, dragging the ends of the sarcomeres together; this is referred to as the sliding filament mechanism. The characteristic contraction of muscles is caused by multiple sarcomeres shortening simultaneously. Anatomy and physiology for exercise and health Copyright © 2017 Active IQ Ltd. Not for resale | 15
Section 2: The musculoskeletal system and exercise SOMETHING EXTRA The shoulder joint is referred to as the glenohumeral joint because it is the articulation of the head of the humerus (the ball) and the glenoid cavity (fossa) of the scapula (the socket). The shoulder joint The shoulder joint is formed by the articulation of the scapula and the humerus. The round head of the humerus interacts with the scapula to form a shallow ball and socket joint, which allows for a generous range of movement and a wide variety of potential joint actions. Joint movements that can occur at a ball and socket joint include flexion, extension, horizontal flexion and extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation and circumduction. Large, superficial muscles, such as the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and the deltoids, provide the majority of movement at this joint. SOMETHING EXTRA The subscapularis is the largest and strongest rotator cuff muscle. Its role in internal rotation and adduction of the shoulder joint make it essential in overhead sports such as swimming, racquet sports and throwing events. TERES MINOR: SUPRASPINATUS: INFRASPINATUS: SUBSCAPULARIS: Pectoralis major Deltoid Deep musculature of the shoulder Beneath the larger muscles of the shoulder joint is a smaller, more subtle arrangement of muscle types. Each one of these originates from the scapula and inserts on the upper aspect of the humerus. Although they are not capable of generating much force, they play a fundamental role in stabilising and controlling movement at the shoulder joint. This group of muscles are often referred to as the rotator cuff muscles and as stabilisers of the shoulder joint; the integrity and coordinated function of these muscles reduces the potential for injury at the joint. The muscles of the rotator cuff are: This runs laterally from the scapula to the humerus and helps with adduction and external rotation. This runs superiorly from the scapula to the top of the humerus and helps with shoulder abduction. This runs laterally from the scapula (slightly higher than the teres minor) to the humerus. It helps with horizontal extension, external rotation and adduction. This runs from the underside of the scapula to the front of the humerus and helps with internal rotation and adduction. Latissimus dorsi Figure 2.5 Muscles of the shoulder KEY POINT The rotator cuff muscles are important stabilisers of the shoulder joint. Teres minor Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis 22 | Copyright © 2017 Active IQ Ltd. Not for resale Figure 2.6 Deep musculature of the shoulder
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Active IQ Level 3 Certificate in Personal Training (sample manual)

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