Report - Risk Management in Brazilian Agriculture

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Risk Management in Brazilian Agriculture: Instruments, Public Policy, and Perspectives 6. INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF AGRICULTURAL RISK MANAGEMENT This section highlights how countries use risk management tools to promote agricultural productivity. Currently, Brazil occupies an important position among global agricultural producers; only China and the United States have larger productions (FAO, 2017). Understanding rural insurance policies in major agricultural countries is crucial for guiding improvements in Brazil’s agricultural policy. Figure 26 gives an international comparison of cultivated and insured areas for crops. The United States is an important reference point for agriculture risk mitigation, given that near 90% of the country’s crop area is insured (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2017). 17 In China, this proportion approaches 70% (Agroinsurance, 2017), while in India, around 40% of the cultivated area is insured (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, 2016). In Brazil, only 15% of the crop area is insured (SUSEP, 2017), indicating that Brazil’s rural insurance market is less developed. Hence, the market concentration and the fact that insurance in Brazilian agriculture is a market still in need of development are challenges for proper risk management, keeping the country distant from major agricultural producers such as United States, China, and India. Figure 26. International Comparison of Crop Insurance - Cultivated vs. Insured Area Source: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (2016), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States Geological Survey (2017), United States Department of Agriculture (2017), Agroinsurance (2017), Superintendência de Seguros Privados e Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (2017), Entidad Estatal de Seguros Agrarios (2017) 17 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States Geological Survey, and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2017 38
6. International Comparison of Agricultural Risk Management A brief overview of key public policies related to agricultural risk management in several countries is presented below. UNITED STATES In the United States, crop insurance is available from both private and public sources. The Risk Management Agency (RMA) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is a federal agency that aims to help agricultural producers address management risks through marketbased tools. RMA runs and operates the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC), which underwrites crop insurance for agricultural products in the United States and is the most important government policy in this area. RMA provides policies for more than 100 crops and offers 17 different insurance plans (USDA RMA, 2019). The United States has two types of crop insurance: Crop-Hail and Multiple Peril Crop Insurance. Crop-Hail policies are not included in the Federal Crop Insurance Program because they are well-provided by the private market. The Federal Crop Insurance Program is a public-private partnership, which comprises 18 private companies and provides coverage for other perils. The purpose of this program is to combine the private sector’s involvement with the financial support and the regulatory role of the government to provide crop insurance across the country. Private institutions and the federal government share the risks. The U.S. federal government subsidizes the premiums to reduce the cost to farmers and encourage them to insure their crops. In 2018, more than USD 6.2 billion was directed to subsidies through the Federal Crop Insurance Program, which comprised 63.3% of the total premiums (USDA RMA, 2018). For comparison, PSR spent R$367.4 million (USD91.6 million) in premium subsidies in the same year, which accounts for 18.2% of SUSEP’s total crop, livestock, and forest premiums (MAPA and SUSEP, 2018). This comparison highlights the large difference between rural insurance policies in Brazil and the United States. Income stabilization programs are another cornerstone of U.S. agricultural policy. The 2014 Farm Bill introduced changes that affected farmers’ risk management decisions and provided income protection. The Price Loss Coverage (PLC) program provides payments to producers if the national average market price of a covered commodity, reported by the USDA National Agriculture Statistical Service (NASS), is lower than its reference price in a specific year. In the Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC) program, farmers can choose between the county and individual coverage. In the county option, payment occurs when the county’s actual crop revenue is below the county revenue guarantee, while the individual option triggers payment when the actual revenue is lower than the individual guarantee. Thus, eligible farmers choose between one of these alternatives based on their expectations of price or revenue fluctuations. These programs are fully subsidized, and no premium is charged. In return, farmers must comply with conservation requirements to become eligible for these programs. This association between agricultural subsidies and environmental conservation generates public goods that are beneficial to society and increase social welfare. This beneficial aspect is present in other agricultural policies and should be encouraged. Additional subsidy programs also include disaster assistance, in which the eligibility criteria are not coupled with the need for purchasing an insurance product. 39
Page 1 and 2: Risk Management in Brazilian Agricu
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS List of Figures, Tables an
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF ACRONYMS ABGF - Brazilian G
Page 7 and 8: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Rural producers f
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary BOX 1. BRAZIL’S
Page 11 and 12: 1. RISK MANAGEMENT IN BRAZIL: OVERV
Page 13 and 14: 1. Risk Management in Brazil: Overv
Page 15 and 16: 1. Risk Management in Brazil: Overv
Page 17 and 18: 2. BRAZIL’S PRIMARY RISK MANAGEME
Page 19 and 20: 2. Brazil’s Primary Risk Manageme
Page 25 and 26: 2006 2018 2. Brazil’s Primary Ris
Page 39 and 40: 4. Reinsurance 4. REINSURANCE 4.1 R
Page 41 and 42: 4. Reinsurance 4.2 RURAL INSURANCE
Page 43: 5. How Risk Management Instruments
Page 47 and 48: 6. International Comparison of Agri
Page 49 and 50: 7. Improving Risk Management and Ag
Page 51 and 52: Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY Agência
Page 53: Bibliography SUSEP. Sistema de Esta

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