EFFECT OF THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) ON ...

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9.2. Identified Livelihood strategies The identified livelihood strategies of the study could be classified as agricultural intensification and livelihood diversification as described by Scoones (1998). Their differences and importance is discussed within this chapter and the rest of the discussion. The interviewed farmers consisted of 50% males and 50% females with an average age of 42 years and with 4 household members in average. These findings correspond well with CEDAC’s results from their baseline study 6 in the summer of 2008 (CEDAC, 2008a). See Appendix E for further details. The total income is very different from household to household ranging from 98$ to 2927$ per year. The income is what is left to sell after a household has consumed rice and agricultural products. The households with higher income mostly have several members working outside the farm selling labour or working as community/village chiefs. One farmer and his family makes 98$ per year which is the lowest amongst the 30 interviewed farmers and even compared to a national scale but the income comprise all the goods and farm products sold after what has been consumed at farm level. The variation is large as illustrated in figure 8 below. Raising cattle/pigs results in the highest income followed by working outside the farm and then selling rice. It is however only 57% of the interviewed farmers who have cattle and 37 % who have pigs. Animals can be regarded as a wealth indicator as they provide security in times of hardship and they provide manure. Nesbitt & Phaloeun (1997) mention that most of the farming households in Cambodia mostly have a few domestic animals. Chickens and ducks (eggs and meat) are used for self consumption and pigs and cattle as an important cash income possibility (Nesbitt & Phaloeun, 1997). 6 CEDAC conducted a baseline survey in the summer of 2008 in the three target communes of the ILFARM project and interviewed 451 randomly chosen farmers where 376 farmers where participating in the project (CEDAC, 2008a). This baseline survey is the background and assistant paper on many of the agricultural findings within this paper. 44
Riel 3000000 2800000 2600000 2400000 2200000 2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 Income sources Rice Vegetables Chicken / duck raising Categories Cattle / pig raising Other Figure 8 illustrating different sources of income. The category “other” is work outside the farm such as construction worker, village leader, seller, fishing and in general selling labour. 4000 riel = 1$. The income from rice is rather low which is due to the fact that farmers often consume their rice and if something is left it is sold. Hence in order to be able to afford investments of any kind for their household they rely mostly on their income from animal husbandry and off-farm work. Some families will however prefer to sell rice even if they are not subsistent and hence lack rice for several months a year. According to CEDAC (2008a) 26% of the households in the target area do not have enough rice to consume for several months every year. Within this percentage a majority of households lack rice for two to five months every year, often before the beginning of the rice season (CEDAC, 2008a). No correlation was found between sex, income, age and <strong>SRI</strong> yield. The sole correlation identified was a ‘*’ R 2 = 0.158 correlation between number of household members and income which is not surprising as many family members provide essential labour in the family farm, and contribute to the family economy with off-farm work. Figure 9 illustrates the correlation between household size and income. 45
Page 1 and 2: EFFECT OF THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENS
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The System of Rice Intensi
Page 5 and 6: Preface This report is part of my M
Page 7 and 8: Table of contents Preface..........
Page 9 and 10: 1. Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa
Page 11 and 12: fields will normally result in lowe
Page 13 and 14: materials. These two chapters lead
Page 15 and 16: the process of puddling - which is
Page 17 and 18: Crop residues The use of rice straw
Page 19 and 20: The degree of GHGs emissions will t
Page 21 and 22: are required (app. 150-200 mm) and
Page 23 and 24: • The use of young seedlings tran
Page 25 and 26: Table 1. The major differences betw
Page 27 and 28: Cambodia during modern times. In 19
Page 29 and 30: Rainfed rice in Cambodia is often g
Page 31 and 32: In general there are three types of
Page 33 and 34: 7. Study and experimental implement
Page 35 and 36: growing rice but the Cambodian rain
Page 37 and 38: Figure 6. Map of the two target com
Page 39 and 40: The following main topics were exam
Page 41 and 42: White & Seng (1997) state that not
Page 43: conditions signifying little or no
Page 47 and 48: The involved farmers seem to belong
Page 49 and 50: The farmers’ composts were often
Page 51 and 52: chemical fertilizers. It is part of
Page 53 and 54: 9.5.2 SRI techniques The different
Page 55 and 56: t/ha 5,5 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1
Page 57 and 58: the farmers are with SRI. Or farmer
Page 59 and 60: forced to sell labour in order to s
Page 61 and 62: households were in average able to
Page 63 and 64: K, only a minor fraction is availab
Page 65 and 66: Table 8. An estimated picture of an
Page 67 and 68: fertilizers which can increase N2O
Page 69 and 70: Table 9. An estimated C budget. It
Page 71 and 72: 10. Conclusion The farmers particip
Page 73 and 74: 11. References Anthofer, J. 2004. T
Page 75 and 76: Moldenhauer, K.A.K. & Gibbons, J. 2
Page 77 and 78: Yue, J., Shi, Y., Liang, W., Wu, J.
Page 79 and 80: APPENDIX B. Soil sampling methodolo
Page 81 and 82: Type How much do you apply to your
Page 83 and 84: APPENDIX E. LIVELIHOOD ASSESTS. Per
Page 85 and 86: 3 2 1 Combination of SRI techniques
Page 87: APPENDIX F. Interview with Ma Veasn

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