EFFECT OF THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) ON ...

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uffaloes, which are very important as draft power (SCW, 2006). Other domestic animals include, chickens, ducks, pigs and fish. Chickens and ducks are normally for home consumption (CEDAC, 2008a) while pigs and fish are sold for additional income. 9.4. Compost production 24 farmers make their own compost but only 16 of them use the compost for the rice fields. This would imply that the rest of the farmers use the compost for vegetable production or to produce rice seedlings in a nursery which is quite common practice for Cambodian farmers (CEDAC, 2008a). Composts are located on the homestead land and the distances to the different fields vary a lot, but are often quite large. Figure 11 illustrates the different types of composts produced by farmers. Figure 12 pictures typical compost huts and compost piles found in the target area. The most common compost mix was: animal manure from mostly cows/buffaloes + chickens, crop residues (small amounts of rice straw), leaves, ash and general waste 7 . Rice straw is often used as livestock fodder during the dry season and is stored in large piles on the homestead land. The remainings of the rice plants on the fields is often burned or incorporated in the soil. Human waste is used for fish raising and toilets are often constructed near or over fish ponds and is therefore not an option farmers can use for rice fertilizers. N of farmers 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 3 Animal manure, crop residues, kitchen residues, leaves Compost production and number of involved farmers 1 Animal manure, crop residues, kitchen residues, leaves and hay 5 Animal manure, crop residues, leaves 9 Animal manure, crop residues, leaves and other materials 4 Animal manure, leaves and other materials 1 1 Animal manure and leaves Animal manure Figure 11. Number of farmers producing compost with different components. Other materials include hay, ash and waste but differs from farmer to farmer. Leaves are in a majority of cases often from Sesbania, Leucaena and Neem trees. 7 Waste does not include human waste but is a general definition for household waste of any kind. 48
The farmers’ composts were often found in sizes ranging from 6-9 m 3 and located very close to the house on the homestead land. In a few cases a small hut or roof was constructed in order to protect the compost from rains and high temperatures. A majority of farmers were certain that they could produce more compost than they needed for one growing season. The farmers stated that to produce around 6-9m 3 of compost would in general take them two to three months. The question is however if they will have enough biomass and of a high enough quality? CEDAC (2008b) suggests that in areas with scarce resources for compost production a shift to biomass production could be used to increase soil fertility, such as e.g. green manure crops in the beginning of the wet season. Figure 12 illustrating a typical compost hut and a compost pile. 9.5. Application of amendments 73% and 53% the farmers applied green manure 8 (GM) and compost to their <strong>SRI</strong> fields respectively while 40% of farmers applied both green manure and composts. No correlation was found between the different kinds of fertilizers and the C and N content in the soil which is not surprising as only long term experiments can identify such correlations. See Appendix E for details on application rates. Average application rates for green manure and compost were 200 kg +(-) 188 and 303 kg +(- ) 195 respectively per field size of 534 m 2 . Average application rates per m 2 were 0.33 kg and 1.90 kg for compost and green manure respectively. Table 6 illustrates compost applications from other <strong>SRI</strong> growing areas. 8 Green manure is often related to trees and shrubs where leaves are used as fertilizers or cover crops and nitrogen fixing species are also used. In this case green manure refers to leaf manures from Leucaena, Sesban and Neem. 49
Page 1 and 2: EFFECT OF THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENS
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The System of Rice Intensi
Page 5 and 6: Preface This report is part of my M
Page 7 and 8: Table of contents Preface..........
Page 9 and 10: 1. Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa
Page 11 and 12: fields will normally result in lowe
Page 13 and 14: materials. These two chapters lead
Page 15 and 16: the process of puddling - which is
Page 17 and 18: Crop residues The use of rice straw
Page 19 and 20: The degree of GHGs emissions will t
Page 21 and 22: are required (app. 150-200 mm) and
Page 23 and 24: • The use of young seedlings tran
Page 25 and 26: Table 1. The major differences betw
Page 27 and 28: Cambodia during modern times. In 19
Page 29 and 30: Rainfed rice in Cambodia is often g
Page 31 and 32: In general there are three types of
Page 33 and 34: 7. Study and experimental implement
Page 35 and 36: growing rice but the Cambodian rain
Page 37 and 38: Figure 6. Map of the two target com
Page 39 and 40: The following main topics were exam
Page 41 and 42: White & Seng (1997) state that not
Page 43 and 44: conditions signifying little or no
Page 45 and 46: Riel 3000000 2800000 2600000 240000
Page 47: The involved farmers seem to belong
Page 51 and 52: chemical fertilizers. It is part of
Page 53 and 54: 9.5.2 SRI techniques The different
Page 55 and 56: t/ha 5,5 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1
Page 57 and 58: the farmers are with SRI. Or farmer
Page 59 and 60: forced to sell labour in order to s
Page 61 and 62: households were in average able to
Page 63 and 64: K, only a minor fraction is availab
Page 65 and 66: Table 8. An estimated picture of an
Page 67 and 68: fertilizers which can increase N2O
Page 69 and 70: Table 9. An estimated C budget. It
Page 71 and 72: 10. Conclusion The farmers particip
Page 73 and 74: 11. References Anthofer, J. 2004. T
Page 75 and 76: Moldenhauer, K.A.K. & Gibbons, J. 2
Page 77 and 78: Yue, J., Shi, Y., Liang, W., Wu, J.
Page 79 and 80: APPENDIX B. Soil sampling methodolo
Page 81 and 82: Type How much do you apply to your
Page 83 and 84: APPENDIX E. LIVELIHOOD ASSESTS. Per
Page 85 and 86: 3 2 1 Combination of SRI techniques
Page 87: APPENDIX F. Interview with Ma Veasn

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